References
- Abrams, J. (2022). The come up: An oral history of the rise of Hip-Hop. Crown Publishing.
- Arnold, L. (2020). Doing collaborative ethnography. Action research. https://lydia-arnold.com/tag/action-research/
- Asim, J. (2007). The N word: Who can say it, who shouldn’t, and why. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Bonita (2017). Tupac Shakur’s early poems showed the sensitive side of Thug Life (Video). Ambrosia for Heads: News, Audio, Video, May 31. https://ambrosiaforheads.com/tupac-shakurs-early-poems-showed-the-sensitive-side-of-thug-life-video/
- Boyd, T. (2024). Rapper’s deluxe: How Hip-Hop made the world. Phaidon Press.
- Boylorn, R. M., & Orbe, M. P. (2021). Critical autoethnography: Intersecting cultural identities in everyday life. Routledge.
- Bristout, R. (2018). Five Tupac Shakur interviews that still resonate with Black America. Revolt, June 13. https://www.revolt.tv/article/2018-06-13/95361/five-tupac-shakur-interviews-that-still-resonate-with-black-america/
- Broder, J. (1992). Quayle calls for pulling rap album tied to murder case. The Los Angeles Times, September 23.
- Brown, S. N. (1997). The Us organization, Maulana Karenga, and conflict with the Black Panther Party: A critique of sectarian influences on historical discourse. Journal of Black Studies, 28(2), 57–70.
- Caparaz, M. (2023). Black students thrive in Sisters Circle and Brothers Real Talk. The Panther, September 12. https://www.thepanthernewspaper.org/features/black-students-thrive-in-sisters-circle-and-brothers-real-talk
- Chang, H., Ngunjiri, F. W., & Hernandez, K. C. (2016a). Collaborative autoethnography. Routledge.
- Chang, H., Ngunjiri, F. W., & Hernandez, K. C. (2016b). What is collaborative autoethnography? In Collaborative autoethnography (pp. 17–36). Left Coast Press.
- Community Movement Builders (2012). Tupac speaks on Malcolm X grassroots movement (video). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5R1jddzm4ic
- Coogler, R., & Feige, K. (2018). Black Panther [Film]. Walt Disney Motion Pictures.
- Davis, J., Muhammad, A. S., Taylor, M., & Hubbard, F. (1993). Sucka Nigga. On Midnight Marauders. Jive.
- Dickerson, E. R. (1992). Juice [Motion picture]. Island World. Moritz-Heyman.
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (1903/1997). The souls of Black folk. Bedford Books.
- Dyson, M. E. (2001). Holler if hear me: Searching for Tupac Shakur. Civitas Book Publisher.
- Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. (2000). Autoethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher as subject. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. Sage Publications.
- Ellis, C., Adams, T. E., & Bochner, A. P. (2011). Autoethnography: An overview. Qualitative Social Research, 12(1), 10.
- Ferguson, A. A. (2000). Bad boys: Public schools in the making of Black masculinity. University of Michigan Press.
- Hall, M. (2016). Afeni Shakur Davis: The activist, organizer, leader remembered. NBC News, May 3. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/afeni-shakur-davis-activist-organizer-leader-remembered-n567296
- Harper, P. B. (1996). Are we not men: Masculine anxiety and the problem with African American identity. Oxford University Press.
- Harris, C. T., Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J. T., & Painter-Davis, N. (2009). Are Blacks and Hispanics disproportionately incarcerated relative to their arrests? Racial and ethnic disproportionality between arrest and incarceration. Race and Social Problems, 1(4), 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-009-9019-x
- Hopson, M. C. (2022). Black masculinities theory. In J. T. Austin, M. P. Orbe, & J. D. Sims (Eds.), Communication theory: Racially diverse and inclusive perspectives. Cognella.
- Hopson, M. C., & Orbe, M. P. (2007). Playing the game: Recalling dialectical tensions for Black men in oppressive organizational structures. Howard Journal of Communications, 18(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170601147481
- Hopson, M. C., & Petin, M. (2020). Reimagining Black masculinities: Race, gender, and public space. Lexington Books.
- Hopson, M. C., Castle, G., & Craig, R. (2020). The killing of Black boys: A collaborative critical autoethnography on “the talk”. In M. Hopson & M. Petin (Eds.), Reimagining Black masculinities: Race, gender and public space. Rowman and Littlefield.
- Hughes, A. (2022). Dear mama [Motion picture]. Defiant Ones Media Group Amaru Entertainment DreamCrew Entertainment MACRO Interscope Films.
- Hughes, A., & Hughes, A. (1993). Menace II Society [Motion picture]. New Line Cinema.
- Hunter, A. G., & Davis, J. E. (1994). Hidden voices of Black men: The meaning, structure, and complexity of manhood. Journal of Black Studies, 25(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479402500102
- Jackson, R. L. (1997). Black “manhood” as xenophobe: An ontological exploration of the Hegelian dialectic. Journal of Black Studies, 27(6), 731–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479702700601
- Jones, S. H. (2005). Autoethnography: Making the personal political. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 763–792). Sage.
- Kendall, M. (2020). Hood feminism: Notes from the women that a movement forgot. Viking.
- Kreps, D. (2015). Tupac Shakur’s earnest 1995 prison letter selling for $225,000. Rolling Stone, October 5. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tupac-shakurs-earnest-1995-prison-letter-selling-for-225000-157611/
- Lazin, L. (2003). Tupac: Resurrection [Motion picture]. Amaru Entertainment MTV Films.
- Love, B. (2012). Hip Hop’s li’l sistas speak: Negotiating Hip Hop identities and politics in the New South. Peter Lang.
- Madden, S. (2023). Tupac Shakur receives prison sentence for sexual assault case – Today in Hip-Hop. XXL, February 7. https://www.xxlmag.com/tupac-sexual-assault-case-sentence/
- Marcus, G. E., & Fischer, M. F. (1986). Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental moment in the history of social sciences. University of Chicago Press.
- Murphy, D., & Williamson, R. (2022). Niggas to gods. On Science of life. Dough Networks.
- National Institute of Justice (2008). U.S. Incarceration rates by race and sex. https://nij.ojp.gov/media/image/19511
- Newafrikan (2017). The mind of Tupac Shakur, New Afrikan Panther Party Chairman 1989, goal of politicizing street gangs. https://newafrikan77.wordpress.com/2017/04/07/the-mind-of-tupac-shakur-new-afrikan-panther-party-chairman-1989-goal-of-politicizing-street-gangs/
- Pew Research Center (2019, April 30). The gap between the number of Blacks and Whites in prison is shrinking. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/30/shrinking-gap-between-number-of-blacks-and-whites-in-prison/
- Reed-Danahay, D. (2017). Bourdieu and critical autoethnography: Implications for research, writing, and teaching. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 19(1), 144. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v19i1.1368
- Ro, R. (2001). Bad boy: The influence of Sean “Puffy” Combs on the music industry. Pocket Books/Simon & Schuster.
- Roy, R., & Uekusa, S. (2020). Collaborative autoethnography: “self-reflection” as a timely alternative research approach during the global pandemic. Qualitative Research Journal, 20(4), 383– 392. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-06-2020-0054
- Ryan, A. J. (2005). Tupac Shakur: Keeping it real vs keeping it right. Journal of Hip-Hop, 1(1), 74–86.
- Sadler, A. (2023). The Notorious B.I.G. allegedly cried when he first heard 2Pac’s “Hit ‘em up.” Vibe, May 9. https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/notorious-big-cried-2pac-hit-em-up-1234755167/
- Shakur, T. (1991a). 2Pacalypse now [Album]. Interscope.
- Shakur, T. (1991b). Words of wisdom. On 2Pacalypse now. Interscope.
- Shakur, T. (1993). Keep ya head up. On Strictly 4 my N.I.G.G.A.Z. Interscope.
- Shakur, T., & Evans, D. (1991). Brenda’s got a baby. On 2Pacalypse now. Interscope.
- Shakur, T., Evans, D., & Hayes, I. (1991). Soulja’s story. On 2Pacalypse now. Interscope.
- Shakur, T. (1995). Dear mama. On Me against the world. Interscope.
- Shakur, T., Evans, D., & Hornsby, B. (1998). Changes. On 2Pac’s Greatest hits. Amaru/Death Row/Interscope.
- Shakur, T., Washington, B., Greenridge, M. Y. F., Hitchings, D., Golde, F., & Lambert, D. (1996). Hit ‘em up’ (Recorded by 2Pac featuring the Outlawz). Death Row/Interscope.
- Singleton, J. (1991). Boyz ‘n the Hood. Columbia Pictures.
- Singleton, P. (1996). The ‘Tupac Amaru’ Name Is a Symbol of Rebellion. Los Angeles Times, December 25.
- Smitherman, G. (1999). Talkin’ that talk language, culture, and education in African America. Routledge.
- Spry, T. (2011). Performative ethnography. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 487–511). Sage.
- Stanford, K. (2011). Keepin’ it real in Hip Hop politics: A political perspective of Tupac Shakur. Journal of Black Studies, 42(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934709355122
- Staples, R. (1976). The Black family: Essays and studies. Cengage Learning.
- Staples, R. (1982). Black masculinity: The Black male’s role in American society. Black Scholar Press.
- Staples, R. (2006). Exploring Black sexuality. Rowman Littlefield.
- Staples, R. (2011). The view from abroad: Race, gender, and politics. In R. Jackson & M. Hopson (Eds.), Masculinity in the Black imagination: Politics of communicating race and manhood. Peter Lang.
- Tardio, A. (2016). Hip-Hop historian Kevin Powell reflects on relationship with Tupac Shakur, 20 years after his death. Billboard, September 13. https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/kevin-powell-tupac-interview-7503738/
- The Sentencing Project (2021). The color of justice: Racial and ethnic disparity in state prisons. http://cdn.cnn.com/cnn/2021/images/10/13/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons.pdf
- Wallace, C. (1994). Juicy. On Ready to die. Bad Boy/Arista.
- Wallace, C. (1995). Who shot ya. Bad Boy/Arista.
- Williams, H. (1998). Belly [Motion picture]. Artisan Entertainment.
- Wilson, D., Olubadewo, S., & Williams, V. (2016). Ubuntu: A framework for African American male positive mental health. In W. Ross (Ed.), Counseling in African American males: Effective therapeutic interventions and approaches (pp. 61–80). IAP Information Age Publishing.
- Wise, S. (2001). A different kind of Black man. Frameline.
- Wright, R. (1945/1991). Black boy: A record of childhood and youth. HarperCollins Publishers.