The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Christian Higher Education in Indonesia: Natural and Moral Evil

References

• Abdulrahim, H., & Mabrouk, F. (2020). COVID-19 and the digital transformation of Saudi higher education. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3895768
   Google Scholar
• Agley, J., & Xiao, Y. (2021). Misinformation about COVID-19: Evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, F., Tameon, S. M., Manuain, L. M. M., & Dami, Z. A. (2021). Similarities between the pedagogy of shalom and shared Christian faith as a synergetic partnership: A critical reflection on neoliberal pedagogy. European Journal of Science and Theology, 17(2), 43–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alinurdin, D, Sekolah Tinggi Teologi SAAT. (2020). COVID-19 dan Tumit Achilles iman Kristen. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v19i1.373
   Google Scholar
• Almahasees, Z., Mohsen, K., & Amin, M. O. (2021). Faculty’s and students’ perceptions of online learning during COVID-19. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.638470
   Google Scholar
• Amalia, A., & Sa’adah, N. (2020). Dampak wabah COVID-19 terhadap kegiatan belajar mengajar di Indonesia. Jurnal Psikologi, 13(2), 214–225. https://doi.org/10.35760/psi.2020.v13i2.3572
   Google Scholar
• Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argaheni, N. B. (2020). Sistematik review: Dampak perkuliahan daring saat pandemi COVID-19 terhadap mahasiswa Indonesia. PLACENTUM: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan dan Aplikasinya, 8(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.20961/placentum.v8i2.43008
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, F. (2020). Dampak COVID-19 terhadap pembelajaran di perguruan tinggi. Bioma, 2(1), 14–20. https://ojs.unsulbar.ac.id/index.php/bioma/article/view/743.
   Google Scholar
• Baber, H. (2022). Social interaction and effectiveness of the online learning – A moderating role of maintaining social distance during the pandemic COVID-19. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-09-2020-0209
   Google Scholar
• Bentzen, J. S. (2019). Acts of God? Religiosity and natural disasters across subnational world districts. The Economic Journal, 129(August), 2295–2321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez008
   Google Scholar
• Bentzen, J. S. (2021). In crisis, we pray: Religiosity and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 192, 541–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaheng, I. (2021). Christianity and the COVID-19 pandemic: A pastoral and theological reflection from the Ghanaian context. Journal of Pastoral Theology, 31(2–3), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10649867.2021.1908726
   Google Scholar
• Boguszewski, R., Makowska, M., Bożewicz, M., & Podkowińska, M. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on religiosity in Poland. Religions, 11(12), 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11120646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueggemann, W. (2020). Virus as a summons to faith: Biblical reflections in a time of loss, grief, and anxiety. Cascade Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, X., Fry, C. V., & Wagner, C. S. (2021). International collaboration during the COVID-19 crisis: Autumn 2020 developments. Scientometrics, 126(4), 3683–3692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-03873-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calys-Tagoe, J. (2020). Theological reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic. In All African Conference of Churches (AACC-CETA). https://www.academia.edu/42831468/Theological_Reflections_on_the_COVID_19.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287(March), 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature review of online teaching and learning practices. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1821184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamburuka, P. M., & Gusha, I. S. (2020). An exegesis of the parable of the Good Samaritan (Lk 10:25–35) and its relevance to the challenges caused by COVID-19. HTS Teologiese Studies [Theological Studies], 76(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i1.6096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2003). Business research methods (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies.
   Google Scholar
• Coppola, I., Rania, N., Parisi, R., & Lagomarsino, F. (2021). Spiritual well-being and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(April), 626944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests*. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dami, Z. A., Alexander, F., & Manafe, Y. Y. (2021). Jesus’ questions in the Gospel of Matthew: Promoting critical thinking skills. Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry, 18(1), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739891320971295
   Google Scholar
• Dass, R. A. S. (2021). Bioterrorism: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 13(2), 16–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27016617.
   Google Scholar
• Dwiraharjo, S. (2020). Konstruksi teologis gereja digital: Sebuah refleksi biblis ibadah online di masa pandemi COVID-19. EPIGRAPHE: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan Kristiani, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33991/epigraphe.v4i1.145
   Google Scholar
• Ejike, C. E. (2019). COVID-19, natural evils, divine, and natural laws. Jos Journal of Religion and Philosophy, 1(1), 77–91. https://acjol.org/index.php/jjrp/article/view/1214
   Google Scholar
• Freckelton, I. (2020). COVID-19: Fear, quackery, false representations and the law. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 72(Sep–Oct), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101611
   Google Scholar
• George, J. M. (2020). Stocktaking in the time of a pandemic: Atypical philosophical, theological, and other observations. Journal of Dharma, 45(2), 259–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, L. K., Ellison, C. G., & Larson, D. B. (2002). Explaining the relationships between religious involvement and health. Psychological Inquiry: An International Journal for the Advancement of Psychological Theory, 13(3), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_04
   Google Scholar
• Gerson, L. P., (Ed.), (2018). Plotinus: The Enneads. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9780511736490
   Google Scholar
• Goldingay, J., & Goldingay, K. S. (2020). Thinking with the Old Testament about the pandemic. Theology, 123(3), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040571X20920527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieneisen, M. L., & Zhang, M. (2011). Nanoscience and nanotechnology: Evolving definitions and growing footprint on the scientific landscape. Small, 7(20), 2836–2839. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201100387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haaz, I. (2020). Coronavirus and value pluralism: A robust ethical perspective on a pandemic. Journal of Dharma, 45(2), 239–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib, M. A., Dayyab, F. M., Iliyasu, G., & Habib, A. G. (2021). Knowledge, attitude and practice survey of COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Nigeria. PLOS One, 16(1), e0245176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakh, S. B. (2021). COVID-19 as paideia: Reviewing the theological meaning of COVID-19 based on concept of the paideia in Hebrews 12:4-13. Kurios, 7(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v7i1.256
   Google Scholar
• Hale, M., & Nulik, E. (2021). Konsep “perikhoresis” dalam pelaksanaan “gereja rumah” oleh jemaat GMIT Talenalain di tengah pandemi COVID-19. VISIO DEI: JURNAL TEOLOGI KRISTEN, 3(1), 106–126. https://doi.org/10.35909/visiodei.v3i1.207
   Google Scholar
• Harper, L., ESPU Research Committee, Kalfa, N., Beckers, G. M. A., Kaefer, M., Nieuwhof-Leppink, A. J., Fossum, M., Herbst, K. W., & Bagli, D. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on research. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 16(5), 715–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermanto, Y. P. (2020). True response to COVID-19 plague reviewed from the perspective of Christian faith. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 25(5), 33–36. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2505033336
   Google Scholar
• Hidayat, E. A. (2017). Iman di tengah penderitaan: Suatu inspirasi teologis-biblis kristiani. MELINTAS, 32(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.26593/mel.v32i3.2695.285-308
   Google Scholar
• Howard-Snyder, D. (1999). God, evil, and suffering. In M. J. Murray (Ed.), Reason for the hope within (pp. 217–237). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hutahaean, H., Silalahi, B. S., & Simanjuntak, L. Z. (2020). Spiritualitas pandemik: Tinjauan fenomenologi ibadah di rumah. Evangelikal: Jurnal Teologi Injili dan Pembinaan Warga Jemaat, 4(2), 234. https://doi.org/10.46445/ejti.v4i2.270
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, J., Hand, C. J., & Maciejewski, G. (2021). Social isolation during COVID-19 lockdown impairs cognitive function. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(4), 935–947. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isiko, A. P. (2020). Religious construction of disease: An exploratory appraisal of religious responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda. Journal of African Studies and Development, 12(3), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.5897/jasd2020.0573
   Google Scholar
• Kawohl, W., & Nordt, C. (2020). COVID-19, unemployment, and suicide. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(5), 389–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30141-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021: The latest insights into the ‘state of digital.’ We Are Social. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2021/01/digital-2021-the-latest-insights-into-the-state-of-digital/.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A. (2021). COVID-19’s impact on higher education: A rapid review of early reactive literature. Education Sciences, 11(8), 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2205–2214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01035-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolhekar, S., Sawkharwade, P., Meshram, K. (2021). COVID…19 is it an agent for bioterrorism? Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(2), 970–972. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i2.14439
   Google Scholar
• Kowalczyk, O., Roszkowski, K., Montane, X., Pawliszak, W., Tylkowski, B., & Bajek, A. (2020). Religion and faith perception in a pandemic of COVID-19. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(6), 2671–2677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01088-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristanto, D. (2020). Is the creation under destruction?: Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck on new creation. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan, 19(2), 189–200. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v19i2.394
   Google Scholar
• Kulal, A., & Nayak, A. (2020). A study on perception of teachers and students toward online classes in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi District. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 15(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAOUJ-07-2020-0047
   Google Scholar
• Layantara, J. N. (2017). Kritik terhadap Teologi Proses dan Pembelaan terhadap Pandangan “Greater Good” dalam Menanggapi Masalah Kejahatan. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan, 16(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v16i2.16
   Google Scholar
• Lei, S. I., & So, A. S. I. (2021). Online teaching and learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic–A comparison of teacher and student perceptions. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Education, 33(3), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2021.1907196
   Google Scholar
• Leibniz, G. W. (1996). Die Theodizee (5th ed.). Suhrkamp Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Lennox, J. C. (2020). Where is God in a coronavirus world?. The Good Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Li, L. Z., & Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Research, 291(June), 113267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linscomb, D. (2020). COVID-19 and God. https://www.academia.edu/42654500/COVID_19_and_God.
   Google Scholar
• Lola, J. A., & Nainggolan, D. M. J. (2021). Kedaulatan Allah dan pandemi COVID-19: Sebuah tinjauan biblis-teologis. JURNAL LUXNOS, 7(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.47304/jl.v7i1.141
   Google Scholar
• Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O. de A., do Carmo, V. M., & Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(6), 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020970996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumingkewas, M. S. (2020). El & YAHWEH: Allah Israel. OSF Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/vemz4
   Google Scholar
• Lyon, R. F. (2021). The COVID-19 response has uncovered and increased our vulnerability to biological warfare. Military Medicine, 186(7–8), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majanja, M. K. (2020). The status of electronic teaching within South African LIS education. Library Management, 41(6/7), 317–337. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-05-2020-0084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangililo, I. D. (2006). Nama Yahweh: Suatu tinjauan etimologis terhadaap arti dan penggunaan nama Yahweh berdasarkan Keluaran 3:14. Waskita: Jurnal Studi Agama dan Masyarakat, 3(2), 161–176.
   Google Scholar
• Mclaughlin, R. P. (2020, June 17). Lamenting God’s “good” creation [Paper presentation]. Online Conference on Christian Theology in the Midst of COVID-19, Winchester, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Michael, U., Odo, A. I., & Petermary, N. (2021). COVID-19 natural evil/human evil: A philosophical investigation. PREDESTINASI, 13(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.26858/predestinasi.v13i2.19358
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. M. (2020). Do COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs form a monological belief system? Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moh, M. (2020). Manajemen stress pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 23(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.55886/esensi.v23i2.205
   Google Scholar
• Morgul, E., Bener, A., Atak, M., Akyel, S., Aktaş, S., Bhugra, D., Ventriglio, A., & Jordan, T. R. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and psychological fatigue in Turkey. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(2), 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020941889
   Google Scholar
• Motta, M., Stecula, D., & Farhart, C. (2020). How right-leaning media coverage of COVID-19 facilitated the spread of misinformation in the early stages of the pandemic in the U.S. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murairwa, S. (2015). Voluntary sampling design. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 4(2), 185–200.
   Google Scholar
• Nurdini, A. (2006). Cross-sectional vs longitudinal”: Pilihan pancangan waktu dalam penelitian perumahan pemukiman. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 34(1), 52–58.
   Google Scholar
• Okruszek, L., Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A., Piejka, A., Wiśniewska, M., & Żurek, K. (2020). Safe but Lonely? Loneliness, anxiety, and depression symptoms and COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181
   Google Scholar
• Osei-Tutu, A., Affram, A. A., Mensah-Sarbah, C., Dzokoto, V. A., & Adams, G. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 and religious restrictions on the well-being of Ghanaian Christians: The perspectives of religious leaders. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2232–2249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01285-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Fuentes, M. d. C., Jurado, M. d. M. M., Martínez, Á. M., & Linares, J. J. G. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. PLOS One., 15(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, D. B. (2007). Studying Christian spirituality (first). International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Pfattheicher, S., Nockur, L., Böhm, R., Sassenrath, C., & Petersen, M. B. (2020). The emotional path to action: Empathy promotes physical distancing and wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Science, 31(11), 1363–1373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620964422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillay, J. (2020). COVID-19 shows the need to make church more flexible. Transformation, 37(4), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265378820963156
   Google Scholar
• Piper, J. (2020). Coronavirus and Christ (1st ed.). Crossway.
   Google Scholar
• Plantinga, A. (1990). God, evil, and the metaphysic of freedom. In M. M. Adams & R. M. Adams (Eds.), The problem of evil (pp. 101–105). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A literature review on impact of COVID-19 pandemic on teaching and learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120983481
   Google Scholar
• Pradeu, T., Kostyrka, G., & Dupré, J. (2016). Understanding viruses: Philosophical investigations. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 59(Oct), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radecki, J., & Schonfeld, R. C. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 on the research enterprise: A landscape review. Ithaka S + R. https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.314247
   Google Scholar
• Rahardjo, W., Qomariyah, N., Mulyani, I., & Andriani, I. (2020). Social media fatigue pada mahasiswa di masa pandemi COVID-19: Peran neurotisisme, kelebihan informasi, invasion of life, kecemasan, dan jenis kelamin. Jurnal Psikologi Sosial, 19(2), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.7454/jps.2021.16
   Google Scholar
• Reeskens, T., Muis, Q., Sieben, I., Vandecasteele, L., Luijkx, R., & Halman, L. (2020). Stability or change of public opinion and values during the coronavirus crisis? Exploring Dutch longitudinal panel data. European Societies, 23(sup1), S153–S171. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2020.1821075
   Google Scholar
• Roman, N. V., Mthembu, T. G., & Hoosen, M. (2020). Spiritual care - ‘A deeper immunity’ – A response to COVID-19 pandemic. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 12(1), e1–e3. https://doi.org/10.4102/PHCFM.V12I1.2456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roozenbeek, J., Schneider, C. R., Dryhurst, S., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A. M., & Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19 around the world. Royal Society Open Science, 7(10), 201199. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutjens, B. T., van der Linden, S., & van der Lee, R. (2021). Science skepticism in times of COVID-19. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 276–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220981415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabdono, E., Efruan, E. M. C., Takaliuang, M. P., Manuain, L. M. M., & Dami, Z. A. (2021). Teaching intercultural competence: Dialogue, cognition and position in Luke 10:25–37. HTS Teologiese Studies [Theological Studies], 77(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.6744
   Google Scholar
• Saladino, V., Algeri, D., & Auriemma, V. (2020). The psychological and social impact of COVID-19: New perspectives of well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(October), 577684. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schilling, M. (2021). A virocentric perspective on evil. Zygon®, 56(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selanno, S., Rorong, K. L. P., & Heydemans, N. A. (2021). Satu bumi banyak rumah: Dampak dan strategi gereja menghadapi COVID-19. Magenang: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristen, 1(2), 1–12. http://ejournal-iakn-manado.ac.id/index.php/magenang/article/view/447.
   Google Scholar
• Sinta-Ristekbrin. (2021). Data Riset dan Teknologi COVID-19 Indonesia. Kementerian Riset Dan Teknologi – Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional Republik Indonesia. https://sinta.ristekbrin.go.id/covid/penelitian
   Google Scholar
• Sintema, E. J. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on the performance of grade 12 students: Implications for STEM education. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(7), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/7893
   Google Scholar
• Stausberg, M. (2011). Comparison. In M. Stausberg & S. Engler (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in the study of religion (1st ed., pp. 21–39). Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Storm, I. (2017). Does economic insecurity predict religiosity? Evidence from the European social survey 2002–2014. Sociology of Religion, 78(2), 146–172. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srw055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulistio, T. C. (2021). Membangun penjelasan dan sikap etis trinitarian terhadap kejahatan natural COVID-19. Veritas: Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan, 20(1), 85–106. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v20i1.423
   Google Scholar
• Sulkowski, L., & Ignatowski, G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on organization of religious behaviour in different Christian denominations in Poland. Religions, 11(5), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11050254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E. (2018). Health psychology (10th ed.). Mc Graw Hill Education.
   Google Scholar
• Tolmie, F., & Venter, R. (2021). Making sense of the COVID-19 pandemic from the Bible – some perspectives. HTS Teologiese Studies [Theological Studies], 77(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i4.6493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udok, M. B., Eton, C. U., & Akpanika, E. N. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic and its effect on African religiosity. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 3(3), 114–119. https://doi.org/10.33750/ijhi.v3i3.86
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2020, February). Social stigma associated with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (p. 2). UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Uscinski, J. E., Enders, A. M., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Funchion, J., Everett, C., Wuchty, S., Premaratne, K., & Murthi, M. (2020). Why do people believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories? Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-015
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., & Hong, N. (2020). The COVID-19 research landscape. Medicine, 99(43), e22849. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000022849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardi, U., & Elfia, E. (2021). COVID-19 dan perempuan gerakan sosial. Indonesian Journal of Religion and Society, 3(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.36256/ijrs.v3i1.147
   Google Scholar
• Waruwu, A., & Purdaryanto, S. (2021). Strategi pelayanan misi dimasa pandemi Coronavirus desease 2019. Manna Rafflesia, 7(2), 419–440. https://doi.org/10.38091/man_raf.v7i2.171
   Google Scholar
• Watermeyer, R., Crick, T., Knight, C., & Goodall, J. (2021). COVID-19 and digital disruption in UK universities: Afflictions and affordances of emergency online migration. Higher Education, 81(3), 623–641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00561-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021a). COVID-19 global literature on coronavirus disease. World Health Organization. https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2021b). WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. https://covid19.who.int/.
   Google Scholar
• Widjaja, F. I., Abraham, R. A., Simanjuntak, F., Boiliu, N. I., & Otieli, H. (2021). Fruit in the unfruitful season: A case study of the Indonesian Bethel Church’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Verbum et Ecclesia, 42(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i1.2247
   Google Scholar
• Widjaja, F. I., Marisi, C. G., Togatorop, T. M. T., & Hartono, H. (2020). Menstimulasi praktik gereja rumah di tengah pandemi COVID-19. Kurios, 6(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.30995/kur.v6i1.166
   Google Scholar
• Wright, N. T. (2020). God and the pandemic: A Christian reflection on the coronavirus and its aftermath. Zondervan.
   Google Scholar
• Yanuarita, H. A., & Haryati, S. (2021). Pengaruh COVID-19 terhadap kondisi sosial budaya di kota Malang dan konsep strategis dalam penanganannya. Jurnal Ilmiah Widya Sosiopolitika, 2(2), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.24843/JIWSP.2020.v02.i02.p01
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. (2020). Reading the Book of Job in the pandemic. Journal of Biblical Literature, 139(3), 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1353/jbl.2020.0033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, L., Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing 211200, Jiangsu, China, Li, F., Wu, S., & Zhou, M. (2020). School’s out, but class’s on”, the largest online education in the world today: Taking China’s practical exploration during the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control as an example. Best Evidence of Chinese Education, 4(2), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.20.ar023
   Google Scholar
• Zyoud, S. H., & Al-Jabi, S. W. (2020). Mapping the situation of research on coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19): A preliminary bibliometric analysis during the early stage of the outbreak. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 561. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05293-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar