- AltD., PetersI. and FokkenH.. 1994. Estimation of phosphorus availability in composts and compost/peat mixtures by different extraction methods. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 25:2063–2080.
- AmiranO. and ShermanS. E.. 1992. Source reduction through home composting. BioCycle, 33(4):97–99.
- Anonymous. 1995. Measuring diversion through home composting. BioCycle, 36(3):74–76.
- AvnimelichY., BrunerM., EzronyI., SelaR. and KochbaM.. 1996. Stability indexes for municipal solid waste compost. Compost Sci. and Util., 4:13–20.
- BaidockJ. A. and PrestonC. M.. 1995. Chemistry of carbon decomposition processes in forests as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR. In: McFeeW. W. and KellyJ. M. (eds.). Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 89–117.
- BarnesJ. and HeimlichJ.. 1992. Leaves prove best bulking agent for grass clippings. BioCycle, 33(5):38–39.
- BowmanR. A. 1989. A sequential extraction procedure with concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute base for soil organic phosphorus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53:362–366.
- BremnerJ. M. and MulvaneyC. S.. 1982. Nitrogen - total. In: PageA. L., MillerR. H. and KeeneyD. R. (eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2-Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd edition, ASA, CSSA, SSSA. Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 595–624.
- CabreraF., DiazE. and MadridL.. 1989. Effect of using urban compost as a manure on soil contents of some nutrients and heavy metals. J. Sci. Food Agrie., 47:159–169.
- Cade-MenunB. J. and PrestonC. M.. 1996. A comparison of soil extraction procedures for 31P NMR spectroscopy. Soil Sci., 161:770–785.
- ChefetzB., HatcherP. G., HadarY. and ChenY.. 1996. Chemical and biological characterization of organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste. J. Environ. Qual., 25:776–785.
- ColeM. A. 1994. Assessing the impact of composting yard trimmings. BioCycle, 35(4):92–96.
- DaiK. H., DavidM. D., VanceG. F. and KrzyszowskaA.. 1996. Characterization of phosphorus in a spruce-fir Spodosol by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 60: 1943–1950.
- de MontignyL. E., PrestonC. M., HatcherP. G. and Kögel-KnabnerI.. 1993. Comparison of humus horizons from two ecosystem phases on northern Vancouver Island using 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and CuO oxidation. Can. J. Soil Sci., 73:9–25.
- EngelstadF. 1991. Impact of earthworms on decomposition of garden refuse. Biol. Fert. Soils, 12:137–140.
- GiesG. 1996. Backyard composting plus recycling yields high diversion. BioCycle, 37(6):39–44.
- GiesG. 1997. The state of garbage in Canada. BioCycle, 38(3):78–82.
- GiusquianiP. L., PagliaiM., GigliottiG., BusinelliD. and BenettiA.. 1995. Urban waste compost: effects on physical, chemical, and biochemical soil properties. J. Environ. Qual., 24:175–182.
- GresselN., McCollJ. G., PrestonC. M., NewmanR. H. and PowersR. F.. 1996. Linkages between phosphorus transformations and carbon decomposition in a forest soil. Biogeochemistry, 33:97–123.
- HeX.-T., LoganT. J. and TrainaS. J.. 1995. Physical and chemical characteristics of selected U.S. municipal solid waste composts. J. Environ. Qual. 24:543–552.
- HeckmanJ. R. and KluchinskiD.. 1996. Chemical composition of municipal leaf waste and hand-collected urban leaf litter. J. Environ. Qual., 25:355–362.
- HinediZ.R., ChangA. C. and LeeR. W. K.. 1988. Mineralization of phosphorus in sludge-amended soils monitored by phosphorus-31-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52:1593–1596.
- HinediZ.R., ChangA. C. and LeeR. W. K.. 1989. Characterization of phosphorus in sludge extracts using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Environ. Qual., 18:323–329.
- HueN. V., IkawaH. and SilvaJ. A.. 1994. Increasing plant-available phosphorus in an Ultisol with a yard-waste compost. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 25:3291–3303.
- IllmerP. and SchinnerF.. 1997. Compost turning - a central factor for a rapid and high-quality degradation in household composting. Bioresource Tech., 59:157–162.
- InbarY., ChenY. and HadarY.. 1989. Solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy of composted organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53:1695–1701.
- InbarY., ChenY., and HadarY.. 1991. Carbon-13 CPMAS NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analysis of organic matter transformations during composting of solid wastes from wineries. Soil Sci., 152:272–282.
- Iglesias-JiminezE. and AlvarezC. E.. 1993. Apparent availability of nitrogen in composted municipal refuse. Biol. Fert. Soils, 16:313–318.
- Iglesias-JimenezE., GarciaV. P., EspinoM. and HernandezJ. M.. 1993. City refuse compost as a phosphorus source to overcome the P-fixation capacity of sesquioxide-rich soils. Plant Soil, 148:115–127.
- KalraY. P. and MaynardD. G.. 1991. Methods Manual for Forest Soil and Plant Analysis. Info. Rep. NOR-X-319. For. Can., Nor. For. Cen., Edmonton, Alberta, 116 pp.
- KashmanianR. M. 1993. Quantifying the amount of yard trimmings to be composted in the United States in 1996. Compost Sci. and Util. 1:22–29.
- KnickerH. and LüdemannH.-D.. 1995. N-15 and C-13 CPMAS and solution NMR studies of N-15 enriched plant material during 600 days of microbial degradation. Org. Geochem., 23:329–341.
- RostovO., TzvetkovY., PetkovaG., and LynchJ. M.. 1996. Aerobic composting of plant wastes and their effect on the yield of ryegrass and tomatoes. Biol. Fert. Soils, 23:20–25.
- LiY. C., StoffellaP. J., AlvaA. K., CalvertD. V. and GraetzD. A.. 1997. Leaching of nitrate, ammonium and phosphate from compost-amended soil columns. Compost Sci. and Util., 5:63–67.
- LustenhouwerH. and HinJ.. 1993. Biosignificant content of heavy metals in compost. Sci. Tot. Environ., 128: 269–278.
- MacielG.E., HawJ. F., SmithD. H., GabrielsenB. C. and HatfieldG. R.. 1985. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of herbaceous plants and their components, using cross polarization and magic angle spinning. J. Agrie. Food Chem., 33:185–191.
- MaynardA. A. 1996. Cumulative effect of annual additions of undecomposed leaves and compost on the yield of field-grown peppers. Compost Sci. and Util., 4:81–88.
- MaynardA. A. 1997. Cumulative effect of annual additions of undecomposed leaves and compost on the yield of eggplants and tomatoes. Compost Sci. and Util., 5:38–48.
- MichelF. C. Jr., ReddyC A. and ForneyL. J.. 1993. Yard waste composting: studies using different mixes of leaves and grass in a laboratory scale system. Compost Sci. and Util., 1:85–96.
- MurphyJ. and RileyJ. P.. 1962. A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta, 27:31–36.
- NewmanR. H. and TateK. R.. 1980. Soil phosphorus characterization by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 11:835–842.
- OlsenS. R. and SommersL. E.. 1982. Phosphorus. In: PageA. L., MillerR. H. and KeeneyD. R. (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Second edition. Agronomy Series Part 9, Part 2., SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 403–430.
- PfefferP.E., GerasimowiczW. V. and PiotrowskiE. G.. 1984. Effect of paramagnetic iron on quantitation in carbon-13 cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of heterogeneous environmental matrices. Anal. Chem., 56:734–741.
- PiotrowskiE.G., ValentineK. M. and PfefferP. E.. 1984. Solid-state, 13C, cross-polarization, “magic-angle” spinning, NMR spectroscopy studies of sewage sludge. Soil Sci., 137:194–203.
- PrestonC. M. 1996. Applications of NMR to soil organic matter analysis: history and prospects. Soil Sci., 161:144–166.
- PrestonC.M., RipmeesterJ. A., MathurS. P. and LévesqueM.. 1986. Application of solution and solid-state multinuclear NMR to a peat-based composting system for fish and crab scrap. Can. J. Spectrosc., 31:63–69.
- PrestonC. M., AxelsonD. E., LévesqueM., MathurS. P., DinelH. and DudleyR. L.. 1989. Carbon-13 NMR and chemical characterization of particle-size separates of peats differing in degree of decomposition. Org. Geochem., 14:393–403.
- PrestonC. M., TrofymowJ. A., SayerB. G. and NiuJ.. 1997. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning investigation of the proximate analysis fractions used to assess litter quality in decomposition studies. Can. J. Bot., 75:1601–1613.
- RazviA. S. and KramerD. W.. 1996. Evaluation of compost activators for composting grass clippings. Compost Sci. and Util., 4:72–80.
- SkeneT. M., SkemstadJ. O., OadesJ. M. and ClarkP. J.. 1996. The influence of inorganic matrices on the decomposition of straw. Aust. J. Soil Res., 34:413–426.
- SkeneT. M., SkjemstadJ. O., OadesJ. M. and ClarkP. J.. 1997. The influence of inorganic matrices on the decomposition of Eucalyptus litter. Aust. J. Soil Res., 35:73–87.
- TisdellS. E. and BreslinV. T.. 1995. Characterization and leaching of elements from municipal solid waste compost. J. Environ. Qual., 24:827–833.
- VossenP. and RillaE.. 1997. Home composters make a difference to diversion. BioCycle, 38(1):34–36.
- WatanabeF. S. and OlsenS. R.. 1965. Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 29:677–678.
- WillemsJ. J. G. M., MarinissenJ. C. Y. and BlairJ.. 1996. Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization. Biol. Pert. Soils, 23:57–63.
- ZechW., ZieglerF., Kögel-KnabnerI. and HaumaierL.. 1992. Humic substances distribution and transformation in forest soils. Sci. Total Environ., 117/118:155–174.
- ZucconiF. and de BertoldiM. 1986. Compost specifications for the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste. In: de BertoldiM., FerrantiM. P., L'HermiteP. and ZucconiF. (eds.). Compost: Production, Quality and Use, Elsevier, London, pp. 30–50.
Characterization of Canadian Backyard Composts: Chemical and Spectroscopic Analyses
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.