Do Community College Students Demonstrate Different Behaviors from Four-Year University Students on Virtual Proctored Exams?

References

• Alessio, H. M., Malay, N., Maurer, K., Bailer, A. J., & Rubin, B. (2017). Examining the effect of proctoring on online test scores. Online Learning, 21(1), 146–161. doi:10.24059/olj.v21i1.885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, L. E., & Seaman, J. (2016). Online report card: Tracking online education in the United States. Retrieved from http://onlineLearningsurvey.com/reports/onlinereportcard.pdf
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC:  American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Aslanian, C. B., & Clinefelter, D. L. (2013). Online college students 2013: Comprehensive data on demands and preferences. Retrieved from http://www.learninghouse.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/Online-College-Students-2013_Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Atoum, Y., Chen, L., Liu, A. X., Hsu, S. D., & Liu, X. (2017). Automated online exam proctoring. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 19(7), 1609–1624. doi:10.1109/TMM.2017.2656064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, J., & Crooks, S. M. (2005). Academic integrity in web based distance education. TechTrends, 49(2), 40–45. doi:10.1007/bf02773970
   Google Scholar
• Beaudry, R. (2013, October 15). What is a remote proctor? Retrieved from https://bvirtualinc.com/what-is-a-remote-proctor
   Google Scholar
• Bedford, W., Gregg, J., & Clinton, S. (2009). Implementing technology to prevent online cheating: A case study at a small southern regional university (SSRU). MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 5(2), 230–238.
   Google Scholar
• Carnevale, A. P., Smith, N., Melton, M., & Price, E. W. (2015). Learning while earning: The new normal. Retrieved from https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/workinglearners/#full-report
   Google Scholar
• Cluskey, G. R., Jr., Ehlen, C. R., & Raiborn, M. H. (2011). Thwarting online exam cheating without proctor supervision. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, 4, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• DaCosta, B., Kinsell, C., Seok, S., & Tung, C. (2010). Comparison of instructors’ and students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of online courses. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 11(1), 25–36.
   Google Scholar
• Duraku, Z. H. (2016). Factors influencing test anxiety among university students. The European Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 18, 2325–2334.
   Google Scholar
• Ellefson, G. J. (2015). Student perceptions of online education at community colleges: A review of the literature (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1700208801)
   Google Scholar
• Fong, C. J., Davis, C. W., Kim, Y., Kim, Y. W., Marriott, L., & Kim, S. (2017). Psychosocial factors and community college student success: A meta-analytic investigation. Review of Educational Research, 87(2), 388–479. doi:10.3102/0034654316653479
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg, N., & Lee, E. (2015, June). Mixed-format exams in higher education: Assessment of internal consistency reliability. In 1st International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAD‘15) (pp. 10–17), Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00010
   Google Scholar
• Gerwing, T. G., Rash, J. A., Gerwing, A. M., Bramble, B., & Landine, J. (2015). Perceptions and incidence of test anxiety. The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 6(3), 1–14. doi:10.5206/cjsotl-rcacea.2015.3.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachey, A. C., Wladis, C. W., & Conway, K. M. (2014). Do prior online course outcomes provide more information than GPA alone in predicting subsequent online course grades and retention? An observational study at an urban community college. Computers & Education, 72, 59–67. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannay, M., & Newvine, T. (2006). Perceptions of distance learning: A comparison of online and traditional learning. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 2(1), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon, O. R., & Lambrinos, J. (2008). Are online exams an invitation to cheat? The Journal of Economic Education, 39(2), 116–125. doi:10.3200/JECE.39.2.116-125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon, O. R., Lambrinos, J., & Buffolino, J. (2010). Assessment design and cheating risk in online instruction. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 13, 3. Retrieved from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/52616/
   Google Scholar
• Havnes, A. (2004). Examination and learning: An activity‐theoretical analysis of the relationship between assessment and educational practice. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29(2), 159–176. doi:10.1080/0260293042000188456
   Google Scholar
• Hollister, K., & Berenson, M. (2009). Proctored versus unproctored online exams: Studying the impact of exam environment on student performance. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 7(1), 271–294. doi:10.1111/dsji.2009.7.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Hussar, W. J., & Bailey, T. M. (2013, January). Projections of education statistics to 2021 (40th). Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2013/2013008.pdf
   Google Scholar
• An insider’s view of online proctoring. (2017, February 23). University Business. Retrievedfrom https://www.universitybusiness.com/article/insider-s-view-online-proctoring
   Google Scholar
• James, R. (2016). Tertiary student attitudes to invigilated, online summative examinations. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13, 1–13. doi:10.1186/s41239-016-0015-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, G. M. (2015). On-campus and fully-online university students: Comparing demographics, digital technology use and learning characteristics. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 12(1), 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim, M., Kaminsky, S., & Behrend, T. (2014). Cheating, reactions, and performance in remotely proctored testing: An exploratory experimental study. Journal of Business & Psychology, 29(4), 555–572. doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9343-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper, H. T. (2003). The changing role of community college. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 46(4), 14–21.
   Google Scholar
• King, D. L., & Case, C. J. (2014). E-cheating: Incidence and trends among college students. Issues in Information Systems, 15(1), 20–27.
   Google Scholar
• Kronholz, J. (2011). High schoolers in college. Education Next, 11(3), 26–31. Retrieved from http://educationnext.org/high-schoolers-in-college/
   Google Scholar
• Kuo, Y. C., Walker, A. E., Schroder, K. E. E., & Belland, B. R. (2014). Interaction, internet self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning as predictors of student satisfaction in online education courses. The Internet and Higher Education, 20, 35–50. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C.-S., & Irby, B. (2008). An overview of online education: Attractiveness, benefits, challenges, concerns and recommendations. College Student Journal, 42(2), 449–458.
   Google Scholar
• LockDown Browser. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.respondus.com/products/lockdown-browser/
   Google Scholar
• Marcus, A., Raul, J., & Ramirez-Velarde, R. (2008). Addressing secure assessments for Internet-based distance learning: Still an unresolvable issue? Retrieved from http://www.ufrgs.br/niee/eventos/RIBIE/2008/pdf/adressing_secure.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Marriott, P., & Lau, A. (2008). The use of on-line summative assessment in an undergraduate financial accounting course. Journal of Accounting Education, 26(2), 73–90. doi:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2008.02.001
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, D. L., Trevino, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001). Cheating in academic institutions: A decade of research. Ethics and Behavior, 11(3), 219–232. doi:10.1207/S15327019EB1103_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza, N., & Staples, E. (2010). Webcam as a new invigilation method: Students’ comfort and potential for cheating. Journal of Nursing Education, 49(2), 116–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moten, J., Fitterer, A., Brazier, E., Leonard, J., & Brown, A. (2013). Examining online college cyber cheating methods and prevention measures. The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 11(2), 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Number and percentage of students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by distance education participation, location of student, level of enrollment, and control and level of institution: Fall 2013 and fall 2014 [Data set]. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d15/tables/dt15_311.15.asp
   Google Scholar
• Poutre, B., Hedlund, D., & Nau, W. (2015). Combining testing software, online proctoring and lockdown browsers to assure a secure assessment environment for students in hybrid or online programs. Poster session presented at the 2015 University Assessment Symposium, Creighton University, Omaha, NE. Retrieved from https://dspace.creighton.edu/xmlui/handle/10504/74446
   Google Scholar
• Razer, M., & Friedman, V. J. (2017). Reframing. In From exclusion to excellence (pp. 41–57). Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Respondus Monitor. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.respondus.com/products/monitor/
   Google Scholar
• Rios, J. A., & Liu, O. L. (2017). Online proctored versus unproctored low-stakes internet test administration: Is there differential test-taking behavior and performance? American Journal of Distance Education, 31(4), 226–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Zaldivar, V. A., Pardo, A., Burgos, D., & Delgado Kloos, C. (2012). Monitoring student progress using virtual appliances: A case study. Computers & Education, 58(4), 1058–1067. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, C. (2009). Virtual proctoring in distance education: An open-source solution. American Journal of Business Education, 2(2), 81–88. Retrieved from http://cluteinstitute.com/ojs/index.php/AJBE/article/view/4039
   Google Scholar
• Ruth, S. R., Sammons, M., & Poulin, L. (2007). E-Learning at a crossroads-what price quality? Educause Quarterly, 30(2), 32–39.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2014). Does online learning impede degree completion? A national study of community college students. Computers & Education, 75, 103–111. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.02.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. F. (2014, May 1). Who is the average online college student? [Infographic]. Retrieved from https://edtechmagazine.com/higher/article/2014/05/who-average-online-college-student-infographic
   Google Scholar
• Stenlund, T., Lyrén, P. E., & Eklöf, H. (2018). The successful test taker: Exploring test-taking behavior profiles through cluster analysis. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 33(2), 403–417. doi:10.1007/s10212-017-0332-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strachota, E. (2003). Student satisfaction in online courses: An analysis of the impact of learner-instructor, learner-learner and learner-technology interaction (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305284514)
   Google Scholar
• Tsukada, A., Shino, M., Devyver, M., & Kanade, T. (2011, November). Illumination-free gaze estimation method for first-person vision wearable device. In Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (pp. 2084–2091), Barcelona, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, G., & Sottile, J. (2010). Cheating in the digital age: Do students cheat more in online courses? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 13(1). Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/spring131/watson131.html
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88(4), 369–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westra, K. L. (2016). Faculty and student perceptions of effective online learning environments (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (1795087610)
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, J. (2009). Staff and student perceptions of plagiarism and cheating. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 20(9), 98–105. Retrieved from http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/
   Google Scholar
• Wise, A. (2015). Factors that successful and unsuccessful community college students perceive as fostering and hindering their success in online learning ( Doctoral dissertation). Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, B. G., Wood-Kustanowitz, A. M., & Ashkenazi, J. M. (2014). Student performance at a community college: Mode of delivery, employment, and academic skills as predictors of success. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 10(2), 166–178.
   Google Scholar
• Yardley, J., Rodríguez, M. D., Bates, S. C., & Nelson, J. (2009). True confessions? Alumni‘s retrospective reports on undergraduate cheating behaviors. Ethics & Behavior, 19(1), 1–14. doi:10.1080/10508420802487096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar