The effect of manual therapy and neuroplasticity education on chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial

References

• Moseley GL. Reconceptualising pain according to modern pain science. Phys. Ther. Rev. 2007;12:169–178.10.1179/108331907X223010
   Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Roussel N, Paul van Wilgen C, et al. Thinking beyond muscles and joints: therapists’ and patients’ attitudes and beliefs regarding chronic musculoskeletal pain are key to applying effective treatment. Man. Ther. 2013;18:96–102.10.1016/j.math.2012.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford LS. Pain, the tissues and the nervous system: a conceptual model. Physiotherapy. 1998;84:27–36.10.1016/S0031-9406(05)65900-7
   Google Scholar
• Gifford L, Butler D. The integration of pain sciences into clinical practice. J. Hand Ther. 1997;10:86–95.10.1016/S0894-1130(97)80063-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones MA. Clinical reasoning: the foundation of clinical practice. Part 1. Aust. J. Physiother. 1997;43:167–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones M. Clinical reasoning and pain. Man. Ther. 1995;1:17–24.10.1054/math.1995.0245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gifford L, Muncey H. Explaining pain to patients. Paper presented at: International Association on the Study of Pain1999; Vienna, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Moseley L. Combined physiotherapy and education is efficacious for chronic low back pain. Aust. J. Physiother. 2002;48:297–302.10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60169-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL. Joining forces – combining cognition-targeted motor control training with group or individual pain physiology education: a successful treatment for chronic low back pain. J. Man. Manipulative Ther. 2003;11:88–94.10.1179/106698103790826383
   Google Scholar
• Moseley GL, Hodges PW, Nicholas MK. A randomized controlled trial of intensive neurophysiology education in chronic low back pain. Clin. J. Pain. 2004;20:324–330.10.1097/00002508-200409000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H. The functional organization of the brain in chronic pain. Prog. Brain Res. 2000;129:313–322.10.1016/S0079-6123(00)29023-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flor H, Braun C, Elbert T, et al. Extensive reorganisation of primary somatosensory cortex in chronic back pain patients. Neurosci. Lett. 1997;224:5–8.10.1016/S0304-3940(97)13441-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wand BM, Parkitny L, O’Connell NE, et al. Cortical changes in chronic low back pain: current state of the art and implications for clinical practice. Man. Ther. 2011;16:15–20.10.1016/j.math.2010.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penfield W, Boldrey E. Somatic, motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain. 1937;60:389–443.10.1093/brain/60.4.389
   Google Scholar
• Stavrinou ML, Della Penna S, Pizzella V, et al. Temporal dynamics of plastic changes in human primary somatosensory cortex after finger webbing. Cereb. Cortex. 2007;17:2134–2142.10.1093/cercor/bhl120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, et al. Patterns of cortical reorganization in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2003;61:1707–1715.10.1212/01.WNL.0000098939.02752.8E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL. I can’t find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain. Pain. 2008;140:239–243.10.1016/j.pain.2008.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotze M, Moseley GL. Role of distorted body image in pain. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2007;9:488–496.10.1007/s11926-007-0079-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moseley GL. Distorted body image in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2005;65:773.10.1212/01.wnl.0000174515.07205.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flor H, Elbert T, Muhnickel W, et al. Cortical reorganisation and phantom phenomena in congenital and traumatic upper-extremity amputees. Exp. Brain Res. 1998;119:205–212.10.1007/s002210050334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd D, Findlay G, Roberts N, et al. Differences in low back pain behavior are reflected in the cerebral response to tactile stimulation of the lower back. Spine. 2008;33:1372–1377.10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181734a8a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinus J, Moseley GL, Birklein F, et al. Clinical features and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:637–648.10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70106-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Schmidt SG, Louw C, et al. Moving without moving: immediate management following lumbar spine surgery using a graded motor imagery approach: a case report. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2015;31:509–517.10.3109/09593985.2015.1060656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Farrell K, Wettach L, et al. Immediate effects of sensory discrimination for chronic low back pain: a case series. N. Z. J. Physiother. 2015;43:58–63.
   Google Scholar
• Twomey LT. A rationale for the treatment of back pain and joint pain by manual therapy. Phys. Ther. 1992;72:885–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmondston SJ, Singer KP. Thoracic spine: anatomical and biomechanical considerations for manual therapy. Man. Ther. 1997;2:132–143.10.1054/math.1997.0293
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edmondston SJ, Allison GT, Gregg CD, et al. Effect of position on the posteroanterior stiffness of the lumbar spine. Man. Ther. 1998;3:21–26.10.1054/math.1998.0312
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett CJ, Singer KP, Day R. Assessment of combined movements of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic and low back pain subjects using a three-dimensional electromagnetic tracking system. Man. Ther. 1999;4:94–99.10.1054/math.1999.0175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn TW. There’s more than one way to manipulate a spine. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2006;36:198–199.10.2519/jospt.2006.0105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn TW. Manual physical therapy: moving beyond the theoretical. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2004;34:659–661.10.2519/jospt.2004.0111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, et al. The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: a comprehensive model. Man. Ther. 2009;14:531–538.10.1016/j.math.2008.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raney NH, Teyhen DS, Childs JD. Observed changes in lateral abdominal muscle thickness after spinal manipulation: a case series using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2007;37:472–479.10.2519/jospt.2007.2523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puentedura EJ, Landers MR, Hurt K, et al. Immediate effects of lumbar spine manipulation on the resting and contraction thickness of transversus abdominis in asymptomatic individuals. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2011;41:13–21.10.2519/jospt.2011.3311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, George SZ, et al. Placebo response to manual therapy: something out of nothing? J. Man. Manipulative Ther. 2011;19:11–19.10.1179/2042618610Y.0000000001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Robinson ME, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy has an immediate effect on thermal pain sensitivity in people with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Phys. Ther. 2009;89:1292–1303.10.2522/ptj.20090058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland GD. Vertebral manipulation. 6th ed. London: Butterworths; 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Battie M, Beurskens AJ, et al. Outcome measures for low back pain research: a proposal for standardized use. Spine. 1998;23:2003–2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. Phys. Ther. 2001;81:776–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkinen A, Kautiainen H, Jarvenpaa S, et al. Changes in the total Oswestry index and its ten items in females and males pre- and post-surgery for lumbar disc herniation: a 1-year follow-up. Eur. Spine J. 2007;16:347–352.10.1007/s00586-006-0187-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George SZ, Fritz JM, Childs JD. Investigation of elevated fear-avoidance beliefs for patients with low back pain: a secondary analysis involving patients enrolled in physical therapy clinical trials. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2008;38:50–58.10.2519/jospt.2008.2647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL. Widespread brain activity during an abdominal task markedly reduced after pain physiology education: fMRI evaluation of a single patient with chronic low back pain. Aust. J. Physiother. 2005;51:49–52.10.1016/S0004-9514(05)70053-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Piva SR, Fritz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale in patients with low back pain. Spine. 2005;30:1331–1334.10.1097/01.brs.0000164099.92112.29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimney K, Louw A, Puentedura EJ. Use of therapeutic neuroscience education to address psychosocial factors associated with acute low back pain: a case report. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2014;30:202–209.10.3109/09593985.2013.856508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley GL. Evidence for a direct relationship between cognitive and physical change during an education intervention in people with chronic low back pain. Eur. J. Pain. 2004;8:39–45.10.1016/S1090-3801(03)00063-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekedahl H, Jonsson B, Frobell RB. Fingertip-to-floor test and straight leg raising test: validity, responsiveness, and predictive value in patients with acute/subacute low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012;93:2210–2215.10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Puentedura EL, Mintken P. Use of an abbreviated neuroscience education approach in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a case report. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2012;28:50–62.10.3109/09593985.2011.562602
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louw A, Puentedura EJ, Diener I, et al. Preoperative therapeutic neuroscience education for lumbar radiculopathy: a single-case fMRI report. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2015;31:496–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus M, Nijs J, Van Oosterwijck J, et al. Pain physiology education improves pain beliefs in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared with pacing and self-management education: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2010;91:1153–1159.10.1016/j.apmr.2010.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppieters MW, Ryan L, Chan KP, et al. Do patients’ beliefs based on widespread medical information hinder accurate diagnosis? Paper Presented at: 11th World Congress on Pain2005; Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Melzack R. Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain. J. Dent. Educ. 2001;65:1378–1382.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Louw A, Diener I, Landers MR, et al. Preoperative pain neuroscience education for lumbar radiculopathy: a multicenter randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Spine. 2014;39:1449–1457.10.1097/BRS.0000000000000444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ittersum MW, van Wilgen CP, van der Schans CP, et al. Written pain neuroscience education in fibromyalgia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Pain Pract. 2014;14:689–700.10.1111/papr.2014.14.issue-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CG, Gray HG, Newton M, et al. Pain biology education and exercise classes compared to pain biology education alone for individuals with chronic low back pain: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Man. Ther. 2010;15:382–387.10.1016/j.math.2010.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Diener I, Puentedura EJ. The short term effects of preoperative neuroscience education for lumbar radiculopathy: a case series. Int. J. Spine Surg. 2015;9:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Diener I, Butler DS, et al. The effect of neuroscience education on pain, disability, anxiety, and stress in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2011;92:2041–2056.10.1016/j.apmr.2011.07.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Zimney K, Puentedura E, et al. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review of the literature. Physiother. Theory Pract. 2016;Jun 28:1–24.
   Google Scholar
• von Piekartz HJ, Schouten S, Aufdemkampe G. Neurodynamic responses in children with migraine or cervicogenic headache versus a control group: a comparative study. Man. Ther. 2007;12:153–160.10.1016/j.math.2006.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee RJ, Butler D. Management of peripheral neuropathic pain: integrating neurobiology, neurodynamics and clinical evidence. Phys. Ther. Sport. 2006;7:36–49.10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppieters MW, Butler DS. Do ‘sliders’ slide and ‘tensioners’ tension? An analysis of neurodynamic techniques and considerations regarding their application. Man. Ther. 2008;13:213–221.10.1016/j.math.2006.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nee RJ, Vicenzino B, Jull GA, et al. Neural tissue management provides immediate clinically relevant benefits without harmful effects for patients with nerve-related neck and arm pain: a randomised trial. J. Physiother. 2012;58:23–31.10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70069-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George SZ, Fritz JM, McNeil DW. Fear-avoidance beliefs as measured by the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire: change in fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire is predictive of change in self-report of disability and pain intensity for patients with acute low back pain. Clin. J. Pain. 2006;22:197–203.10.1097/01.ajp.0000148627.92498.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, George SZ. Identifying psychosocial variables in patients with acute work-related low back pain: the importance of fear-avoidance beliefs. Phys. Ther. 2002;82:973–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton AK, Waddell G, Tillotson KM, et al. Information and advice to patients with back pain can have a positive effect: a randomized controlled trial of a novel educational booklet in primary care. Spine. 1999;24:2484–2491.10.1097/00007632-199912010-00010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks C, Cleland JA, Elliott JM, et al. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine if cerebral hemodynamic responses to pain change following thoracic spine thrust manipulation in healthy individuals. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2013;43:340–348.10.2519/jospt.2013.4631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao H, Galea MP, Hodges PW. Reorganization of the motor cortex is associated with postural control deficits in recurrent low back pain. Brain. 2008;131:2161–2171.10.1093/brain/awn154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao H, Danneels LA, Hodges PW. ISSLS prize winner: smudging the motor brain in young adults with recurrent low back pain. Spine. 2011;36:1721–1727.10.1097/BRS.0b013e31821c4267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lluch Girbes E, Meeus M, Baert I, et al. Balancing, “hands-on” with “hands-off” physical therapy interventions for the treatment of central sensitization pain in osteoarthritis. Man. Ther. 2015;20:349–352.10.1016/j.math.2014.07.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw A, Puentedura E, Zimney K, et al. Know pain; know gain? A perspective on pain neuroscience education in physical therapy. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2016;46:131–134.10.2519/jospt.2016.0602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crepeau EB, Garren KR. I looked to her as a guide: the therapeutic relationship in hand therapy. Disabil. Rehabil. 2011;33:872–881.10.3109/09638288.2010.511419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuentes J, Armijo-Olivo S, Funabashi M, et al. Enhanced therapeutic alliance modulates pain intensity and muscle pain sensitivity in patients with chronic low back pain: an experimental controlled study. Phys. Ther. 2014;94:477–489.10.2522/ptj.20130118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce AS, Ogrodniczuk JS, Piper WE, et al. The alliance as mediator of expectancy effects in short-term individual therapy. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2003;71:672–679.10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon JK, Keating JL. Variability in straight leg raise measurements. Physiotherapy. 2000;86:361–370.10.1016/S0031-9406(05)60630-X
   Google Scholar
• Boyd BS. Measurement properties of a hand-held inclinometer during straight leg raise neurodynamic testing. Physiotherapy. 2012;98:174–179.10.1016/j.physio.2011.04.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar