Effect of spinal manipulative therapy on mechanical pain sensitivity in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a pilot randomized, controlled trial

References

• Luo X, Pietrobon R, Sun SX, et al. Estimates and patterns of direct health care expenditures among individuals with back pain in the United States. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(1):79–86. Epub 2003/ 12/31. PubMed PMID: 14699281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymoyer JW, Cats-Baril WL. An overview of the incidences and costs of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am. 1991;22(2):263–271. Epub 1991/04/01.PubMed PMID: 1826550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin BI, Deyo RA, Mirza SK, et al. Expenditures and health status among adults with back and neck problems. Jama. 2008;299(6):656–664. Epub 2008/ 02/14. doi: 299/6/656 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 18270354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagenais S, Tricco AC, Haldeman S. Synthesis of recommendations for the assessment and management of low back pain from recent clinical practice guidelines. Spine J. 2010;10(6):514–529. Epub 2010/ 05/25. doi: S1529-9430(10)00288-3 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 20494814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians and the American pain society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478–491. Epub 2007/ 10/03. doi: 147/7/478 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 17909209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrini S, Giovannoni S, Minozzi S, et al. Diagnostic therapeutic flow-charts for low back pain patients: the Italian clinical guidelines. Eura Medicophys. 2006;42(2):151–170. Epub 2006/ 06/13.PubMed PMID: 16767064.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghroubi S, Elleuch H, Baklouti S, et al. Chronic low back pain and vertebral manipulation. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2007;50(7):570–576. Epub 2007/03/27. PubMed PMID: 17382426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Senna MK, Machaly SA. Does maintained spinal manipulation therapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain result in better long-term outcome? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(18):1427–1437. Epub 2011/ 01/20. PubMed PMID: 21245790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain: an update of a cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(13):E825–46. Epub 2011/ 05/20. PubMed PMID: 21593658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savva C, Giakas G, Efstathiou M. The role of the descending inhibitory pain mechanism in musculoskeletal pain following high-velocity, low amplitude thrust manipulation. A review of the literature. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(4):377–382. Epub 2014/05/29. PubMed PMID: 24867897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millan M, Leboeuf-Yde C, Budgell B, et al. The effect of spinal manipulative therapy on experimentally induced pain: a systematic literature review. Chiropr Man Therap. 2012;20(1):26. Epub 2012/ 08/14. PubMed PMID: 22883534; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3527169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coronado RA, Gay CW, Bialosky JE, et al. Changes in pain sensitivity following spinal manipulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J electromyogr kinesiol. 2012;22(5):752–767. Epub 2012/ 02/03. PubMed PMID: 22296867; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPmc3349049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, et al. The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: a comprehensive model. Manual Ther. 2009;14(5):531–538. Epub 2008/ 11/26. doi: S1356-689X(08)00159-8 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 19027342; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2775050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronado RA, Simon CB, Valencia C, et al. Experimental pain responses support peripheral and central sensitization in patients with unilateral shoulder pain. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(2):143–151. Epub 2013/ 04/27. PubMed PMID: 23619203; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3732495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Peripheral and central sensitization in musculoskeletal pain disorders: an experimental approach. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002;4(4):313–321. Epub 2002/ 07/20.PubMed PMID: 12126583.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pickar JG. Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2002;2(5):357–371. Epub 2003/ 11/01. S152994300200400X [pii]. PubMed PMID: 14589467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright A. Hypoalgesia post-manipulative therapy: a review of a potential neurophysiological mechanism. Manual Ther. 1995;1(1):11–16. Epub 1995/ 11/01. PubMed PMID: 11327789.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salom-Moreno J, Ortega-Santiago R, Cleland JA, et al. Immediate changes in neck pain intensity and widespread pressure pain sensitivity in patients with bilateral chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomized controlled trial of thoracic thrust manipulation vs non-thrust mobilization. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014;37(5):312–319. Epub 2014/ 06/02. PubMed PMID: 24880778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyba DA, Radhakrishnan R, Rohlwing JJ, et al. Joint manipulation reduces hyperalgesia by activation of monoamine receptors but not opioid or GABA receptors in the spinal cord. Pain. 2003;106(1–2):159–168. Epub 2003/10/29.PubMed PMID: 14581123; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2732015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluka KA, Skyba DA, Radhakrishnan R, et al. Joint mobilization reduces hyperalgesia associated with chronic muscle and joint inflammation in rats. J Pain. 2006;7(8):602–607. Epub 2006/08/04. PubMed PMID: 16885017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sluka KA, Wright A. Knee joint mobilization reduces secondary mechanical hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin injection into the ankle joint. Eur J Pain. 2001;5(1):81–87. Epub 2001/ 06/08. PubMed PMID: 11394925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira RF, Liebano RE, Costa Lda C, et al. Immediate effects of region-specific and non-region-specific spinal manipulative therapy in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2013;93(6):748–756. Epub 2013/ 02/23. PubMed PMID: 23431209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Wang X, Zhang J, et al. Changes in pressure pain thresholds and basal electromyographic activity after instrument-assisted spinal manipulative therapy in asymptomatic participants: a randomized, controlled trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2012;35(6):437–445. Epub 2012/ 08/21. PubMed PMID: 22902139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson O, Haig L, Mansfield H. The effects of high-velocity low-amplitude thrust manipulation and mobilisation techniques on pressure pain threshold in the lumbar spine. Int J Osteopath Med. 2009;12(2):56–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearar KA, Colloca CJ, White HL. A randomized clinical trial of manual versus mechanical force manipulation in the treatment of sacroiliac joint syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005;28(7):493–501. Epub 2005/09/27. PubMed PMID: 16182023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote P, Mior SA, Vernon H. The short-term effect of a spinal manipulation on pain/pressure threshold in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1994;17(6):364–368. Epub 1994/ 07/01.PubMed PMID: 7964196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, et al. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization. Spine J. 2008;8(1):213–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer G, Budgell B, Henderson C, et al. Basic science research related to chiropractic spinal adjusting: the state of the art and recommendations revisited. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(9):726–761. Epub 2006/ 12/05. doi: S0161-4754(06)00277-6 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 17142166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialosky JE, George SZ, Horn ME, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy-specific changes in pain sensitivity in individuals with low back pain (NCT01168999). J Pain. 2014;15(2):136–148. Epub 2013/ 12/24. PubMed PMID: 24361109; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3946602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan EF, Lewis JS. Outcome measures in chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2010. DOI:10.1007/s00586-010-1353-6. Epub 2010/ 04/17. PubMed PMID: 20397032.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gagliese L, Weizblit N, Ellis W, et al. The measurement of postoperative pain: a comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients. Pain. 2005;117(3):412–420. Epub 2005/ 09/13. PubMed PMID: 16153776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Karoly P, Braver S. The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain. 1986;27(1):117–126. Epub 1986/ 10/01.PubMed PMID: 3785962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Whitman JM, Houser JL, et al. Psychometric properties of selected tests in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J. 2012;12(10):921–931. Epub 2012/ 07/04. PubMed PMID: 22749295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar JT, Young JP Jr., LaMoreaux L, et al. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94(2):149–158. Epub 2001/11/03.PubMed PMID: 11690728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Hebert J, Koppenhaver S, et al. Beyond minimally important change: defining a successful outcome of physical therapy for patients with low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(25):2803–2809. Epub 2009/11/17. PubMed PMID: 19910868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Changulani M, Shaju A. Evaluation of responsiveness of oswestry low back pain disability index. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(5):691–694. Epub 2008/ 06/04. PubMed PMID: 18521617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost H, Lamb SE, Stewart-Brown S. Responsiveness of a patient specific outcome measure compared with the oswestry disability index v2.1 and Roland and Morris disability questionnaire for patients with subacute and chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(22):2450–2457. discussion 8. Epub 2008/10/01. PubMed PMID: 18824951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JC, Pynsent PB. The oswestry disability index. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(22):2940–2952. discussion 52. Epub 2000/11/14. PubMed PMID: 11074683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the quebec back pain disability scale. Phys Ther. 2001;81(2):776–788. Epub 2001/02/15.PubMed PMID: 11175676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filiz M, Cakmak A, Ozcan E. The effectiveness of exercise programmes after lumbar disc surgery: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(1):4–11. Epub 2005/02/12.PubMed PMID: 15704503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostelo RW, Deyo RA, Stratford P, et al. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(1):90–94. Epub 2008/ 01/01. 00007632-200801010-00015 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 18165753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwind J, Learman K, O’Halloran B, et al. Different minimally important clinical difference (MCID) scores lead to different clinical prediction rules for the Oswestry disability index for the same sample of patients. J Man Manip Ther. 2013;21(2):71–78. Epub 2014/ 01/15. PubMed PMID: 24421616; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3649353.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Perez-de-Heredia M, Brea-Rivero M, et al. Immediate effects on pressure pain threshold following a single cervical spine manipulation in healthy subjects. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(6):325–329. Epub 2007/07/07.PubMed PMID: 17612359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton DM, Macdermid JC, Nielson W, et al. Reliability, standard error, and minimum detectable change of clinical pressure pain threshold testing in people with and without acute neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(9):644–650. Epub 2011/09/03. PubMed PMID: 21885906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton DM, Levesque L, Payne M, et al. Clinical pressure pain threshold testing in neck pain: comparing protocols, responsiveness, and association with psychological variables. Phys Ther. 2014;94(6):827–837. Epub 2014/ 02/22. PubMed PMID: 24557645; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4040424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Carnero J, Cleland JA, Arbizu RL. Examination of motor and hypoalgesic effects of cervical vs thoracic spine manipulation in patients with lateral epicondylalgia: a clinical trial. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011;34(7):432–440. Epub 2011/ 08/31. PubMed PMID: 21875517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cleland JA, et al. Changes in pressure pain thresholds over C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint after a cervicothoracic junction manipulation in healthy subjects. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(5):332–337. Epub 2008/06/19. PubMed PMID: 18558274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesterton LS, Barlas P, Foster NE, et al. Gender differences in pressure pain threshold in healthy humans. Pain. 2003;101(3):259–266. Epub 2003/02/14.PubMed PMID: 12583868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss P, Sluka K, Wright A. The initial effects of knee joint mobilization on osteoarthritic hyperalgesia. Manual Ther. 2007;12(2):109–118. Epub 2006/ 06/17. PubMed PMID: 16777467.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flynn T, Fritz J, Whitman J, et al. A clinical prediction rule for classifying patients with low back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27(24):2835–2843. Epub 2002/12/18. PubMed PMID: 12486357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn TW, Childs JD, Fritz JM. The audible pop from high-velocity thrust manipulation and outcome in individuals with low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006;29(1):40–45. Epub 2006/ 01/07. doi: S0161-4754(05)00347-7 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 16396728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn TW, Fritz JM, Wainner RS, et al. The audible pop is not necessary for successful spinal high-velocity thrust manipulation in individuals with low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(7):1057–1060. Epub 2003/07/26.doi: S0003999303000480 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 12881834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(12):920–928. Epub 2004/ 12/22. doi: 141/12/920 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 15611489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Globe GA, Morris CE, Whalen WM, et al. Chiropractic management of low back disorders: report from a consensus process. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(9):651–658. Epub 2008/ 11/26. PubMed PMID: 19028249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Globe G, Farabaugh RJ, Hawk C, et al. Clinical practice guideline: chiropractic care for low back pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2016;39(1):1–22. Epub 2016/ 01/26. PubMed PMID: 26804581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George SZ, Bishop MD, Bialosky JE, et al. Immediate effects of spinal manipulation on thermal pain sensitivity: an experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7(68). Epub 2006/ 08/17. doi: 1471-2474-7-68 [pii]. DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-7-68 PubMed PMID: 16911795; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1578563.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Robinson ME, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy has an immediate effect on thermal pain sensitivity in people with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(12):1292–1303. Epub 2009/ 10/03. doi: ptj.20090058 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 19797305; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2794479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Zhao P, Guo W, et al. Short-term study on risk-benefit outcomes of two spinal manipulative therapies in the treatment of acute radiculopathy caused by lumbar disc herniation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2015;16:122. Epub 2015/ 04/16. PubMed PMID: 25872929; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4380109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molins-Cubero S, Rodriguez-Blanco C, Oliva-Pascual-Vaca A, et al. Changes in pain perception after pelvis manipulation in women with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med. 2014;15(9):1455–1463. Epub 2014/ 03/29. PubMed PMID: 24666560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph R, Sim J, Ogollah R, et al. A systematic review finds variable use of the intention-to-treat principle in musculoskeletal randomized controlled trials with missing data. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68(1):15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armijo-Olivo S, Warren S, Magee D. Intention to treat analysis, compliance, drop-outs and how to deal with missing data in clinical research: a review. Phys Ther Rev. 2009;14(1):36–49.
   Google Scholar
• Del Re AC, Maisel NC, Blodgett JC, et al. Intention-to-treat analyses and missing data approaches in pharmacotherapy trials for alcohol use disorders. BMJ open. 2013;3(11):e003464. Epub 2013/11/15. PubMed PMID: 24227870; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3831108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta SK. Intention-to-treat concept: A review. Perspect Clin Res. 2011;2(3):109–112. Epub 2011/ 09/08. PubMed PMID: 21897887; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3159210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-Carnero J, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Cleland JA. Immediate hypoalgesic and motor effects after a single cervical spine manipulation in subjects with lateral epicondylalgia. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31(9):675–681. Epub 2008/ 11/26. doi: S0161-4754(08)00275-3 [pii]. PubMed PMID: 19028251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark BC, Goss DA Jr., Walkowski S, et al. Neurophysiologic effects of spinal manipulation in patients with chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:170. Epub 2011/07/26. PubMed PMID: 21781310; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3149032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, et al. Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain. Arthritis Rheumatism. 2004;50(2):613–623. Epub 2004/02/12. PubMed PMID: 14872506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boal RW, Gillette RG. Central neuronal plasticity, low back pain and spinal manipulative therapy. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27(5):314–326. Epub 2004/06/15. PubMed PMID: 15195039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer GD, Ross K, Pocius J, et al. Evaluating the relationship among cavitation, zygapophyseal joint gapping, and spinal manipulation: an exploratory case series. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011;34(1):2–14. Epub 2011/01/18. PubMed PMID: 21237402; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3582390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorron SL, Losco BE, Drummond PD, et al. Effect of lumbar spinal manipulation on local and remote pressure pain threshold and pinprick sensitivity in asymptomatic individuals: a randomised trial. Chiropr Man Therap. 2016;24:47. Epub 2016/ 12/17. PubMed PMID: 27980726; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5137207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, et al. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191. Epub 2007/08/19.PubMed PMID: 17695343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155–159. Epub 1992/07/01.PubMed PMID: 19565683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardouni JR, Shaffer SW, Pidcoe PE, et al. Immediate changes in pressure pain sensitivity after thoracic spinal manipulative therapy in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: A randomized controlled study. Manual Ther. 2015;20(4):540–546. Epub 2015/ 01/18. PubMed PMID: 25595413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waterman BR, Belmont PJ Jr., Schoenfeld AJ. Low back pain in the United States: incidence and risk factors for presentation in the emergency setting. Spine J. 2012;12(1):63–70. Epub 2011/ 10/08. PubMed PMID: 21978519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Internal Med. 2009;169(3):251–258. Epub 2009/02/11. PubMed PMID: 19204216; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4339077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar