Recognition of a patient with neck autonomic dysfunction: findings from a rare case report of harlequin syndrome in direct access physiotherapy

References

• Ritter N, Bittner H, Bittner GC, et al. Do you know this syndrome? Harlequin syndrome. An Bras Dermatol. 2018;93(4):585–586. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavroudis I, Balmus IM, Ciobica A, et al. Mini-review on the harlequin syndrome-A rare dysautonomic manifestation requiring attention. Medicina (Kaunas). 15 2022;58(7):938. PMID: 35888657; PMCID: PMC9324885. doi:10.3390/medicina58070938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willaert WI, Scheltinga MR, Steenhuisen SF, et al. Harlequin syndrome: two new cases and a management proposal. Acta Neurol Belg. 2009 Sep;109(3):214–220. PMID: 19902816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad F, Giudice A, Maritati G, et al. A guide to identify cervical autonomic dysfunctions (and associated conditions) in patients with musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapy practice. Braz J. 2023;27(2):100495. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100495
   Google Scholar
• Wasner G, Maag R, Ludwig J, et al. Harlequin syndrome—one face of many etiologies. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2005;1(1):54–59. doi: 10.1038/ncpneuro0040
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nida T, Nilgun ST, Zuhal E, et al. Unnoticed dysautonomic syndrome of the face: Harlequin syndrome. Auton Neurosci Basic Clin. 2007;137(1–2):1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2007.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond PD, Lance JW. Facial flushing and sweating mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Brain. 1987;110(3):793–803. doi: 10.1093/brain/110.3.793
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarikaya H, Georgiadis D, Baumgartner RW. Harlequin syndrome in spontaneous dissection of the cervical carotid artery. Neurology. 2008;71(18):1459. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327877.74795.d7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradeep PV, Benede AK, Harshita SS, et al. Harlequin syndrome in a case of toxic goitre: a rare association. Case RepMed. 2011;2011:1–4. doi: 10.1155/2011/293076
   Google Scholar
• Kilinc¸er C, Oztürk L, Hamamcioglu MK, et al. An upper thoracic spinal cord tumor presenting as hemifacial hyperhidrosis. Surg Neurol. 2007;68(4):461–463. doi: 10.1016/j.surneu.2006.10.067
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duddy ME, Baker MR. Images in clinical medicine. Harlequin’s Darker Side N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 15;357(20):e22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm067851
   Google Scholar
• Jiménez PE. Síndrome del arlequín secundario a condrosarcoma torácico. Rev Neurol. 2008;46(4):252–253. doi: 10.33588/rn.4604.2007603
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll CB, Zajicek JP. The ‘‘harlequin’’ sign in association with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2004;25(9):1145–1146. doi: 10.1007/s00415-004-0486-0
   Google Scholar
• Esterly NB, Spraker MK. Neonatal skin problems. In: Moschella SL, and Hurley HJ, editors. Dermatology. Philadelphia, Saunders: W.B. Saunders Company; 1985. Vol. 2. p. 1882.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman PJ, Goddard JM. Harlequin syndrome following internal jugular vein catheterisation in an adult under general anesthetic. Anesthesiology. 2002;97(4):1041. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200210000-00070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlacu CL, Buggy DJ. Coexisting harlequin and Horner syndromes after high thoracic paravertebral anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95(6):822–824. doi: 10.1093/bja/aei258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turco GR, Farber NE. Postoperative autonomic deficit: a case of harlequin syndrome. Anesthesiology. 1996;85(5):1197–1199. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199611000-00031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner F, Smith S. Pupillographic findings in 39 consecutive cases of harlequin syndrome. J Neuro-Ophthalmol. 2008;17(3):171–177. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e318183c885
   Google Scholar
• Taylor A, Mourad F, Kerry R, et al. A guide to cranial nerve testing for musculoskeletal clinicians. J Man Manip Ther. 2021;29(6):376–389. doi: 10.1080/10669817.2021.1937813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad F, Lopez G, Cataldi F, et al. Assessing cranial nerves in physical therapy practice: findings from a cross-sectional survey and implication for clinical practice. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(10):1262. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101262
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adeboye KA, Emerton DG, Hughes T. Cervical sympathetic chain dysfunction after whiplash injury. J R Soc Med. 2000;93(7):378–379. doi: 10.1177/014107680009300713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maselli F, Piano L, Cecchetto S, et al. Reply to Moretti et al. Would moving forward mean going back? Comment on “Maselli et al. Direct access to physical therapy: should Italy move forward? int. J. Environ. Res. Public health 2022, 19, 555”. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(8):4620. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maselli F, Piano L, Cecchetto S, et al. Direct access to physical therapy: should Italy move forward? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1):555. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piscitelli D, Furmanek MP, Meroni R, et al. Direct access in physical therapy: a systematic review. Clin Ter. 2018;169(5):e249–e260. doi: 10.7417/CT.2018.2087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faletra A, Bellin G, Dunning J, et al. Assessing cardiovascular parameters and risk factors in physical therapy practice: findings from a cross-sectional national survey and implication for clinical practice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):749. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05696-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnier JJ, Kienle G, Altman DG, et al. CARE Group*. The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013;2(5):38–43. doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2013.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ) Whelton PK; Carey RM; Aronow WS; Casey DE Jr; Collins KJ; Dennison Himmelfarb C; et al. 2017ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6): 1269-1324. 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066. Epub 2017 Nov 13. Erratum in: hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6): e136-e139. Erratum in: hypertension. 2018 Sep;72(3): e33. PMID: 29133354.
   Google Scholar
• Currie KD, Floras JS, La Gerche A, et al. Exercise blood pressure guidelines: time to Re-evaluate what is normal and exaggerated? Sports Med. 2018 Aug;48(8):1763–1771. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0900-x. PMID: 29574665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin RK, Galetta SL, Ting TY, et al. Ross syndrome plus: beyond Horner, Holmes-Adie, and harlequin. Neurology. 2000;55(12):1841–1846. doi: 10.1212/wnl.55.12.1841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli P. Holmes-adie syndrome. Lancet. 2000;356(9243):1760–1761. Erratum in: Lancet 2001, 357(9255),562. Erratum in: Lancet 2002, 359(9300), 84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03216-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner F, Smith S. Pupillographic findings in 39 consecutive cases of harlequin syndrome. J Neuro-Ophthalmol. 2008;28(3):171–177. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e318183c885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerry R, Taylor A. Cervical spine pre-treatment screening for arterial dysfunction: out with the old, in with the new. Touch. 2014;147(Summer):10–14. doi: 10.13140/2.1.1509.9526
   Google Scholar
• Müller M:, Jürgens J, Redaèlli M, et al. Impact of the communication and patient hand-off tool SBAR on patient safety: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(8):e022202. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad F, Lopez G, Cataldi F, et al. Assessing cranial nerves in physical therapy practice: findings from a cross-sectional survey and implication for clinical practice. Healthc. 2021;9(10):1262. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101262
   Google Scholar
• Lemeunier N, da Silva-Oolup S, Chow N, et al. Reliability and validity of clinical tests to assess the anatomical integrity of the cervical spine in adults with neck pain and its associated disorders: part 1-A systematic review from the Cervical Assessment and Diagnosis Research Evaluation (CADRE) collaboration. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(9):2225–2241. doi: 10.1007/s00586-017-5153-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid AB, Brunner F, Luomajoki H, et al. Reliability of clin- ical tests to evaluate nerve function and mechanosensitivity of the upper limb peripheral nervous system. BMC Musculos- Kelet Disord. 2009;10(1):11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Badawy MA, El Mikkawy DM. Sympathetic dysfunction in patients with chronic low back pain and failed back surgery syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2016;32(3):226–231. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meroni R, Piscitelli D, Ravasio C, et al. Evidence for managing chronic low back pain in primary care: a review of recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;43(7):1029–1043. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1645888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianola S, Bargeri S, Cinquini M, et al. More than one third of clinical practice guidelines on low back pain overlap in AGREE II appraisals. Research Wasted? BMC Med Res Methodol. 2022;22(1):184. doi: 10.1186/s12874-022-01621-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maselli F, Storari L, Barbari V, et al. Prevalence and incidence of low back pain among runners: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020 Jun 3;21(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03357-4. PMID: 32493481; PMCID: PMC7271446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Lavin M, Biology, Therapy of Fibromyalgia. Stress, the stress response system, and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(4):216. doi: 10.1186/ar2146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaproudina N, Ming Z, Närhi M. Sensory and sympathetic disorders in chronic non-specific neck pain. Funct Neurol. 2015;30(3):165–171. doi: 10.11138/fneur/2015.30.3.165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mani R, Cooper C, Kidd BL, et al. Use of laser Doppler flowmetry and transcutaneous oxygen tension electrodes to assess local autonomic dysfunction in patients with frozen shoulder. J R Soc Med. 1989;82(9):536–538. doi: 10.1177/014107688908200910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courties A, Sellam J, Berenbaum F. Role of the autonomic nervous system in osteoarthritis. Best pract res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(5):661–675.
   Google Scholar
• Suri S, Gill SE, Massena de Camin S, et al. Neurovascular invasion at the osteochondral junction and in osteophytes in osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(11):1423–1428. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.063354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz J, Schäfer N, Bauer R, et al. Norepinephrine modulates osteoarthritic chondrocyte metabolism and inflammatory responses. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(2):325–334. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabalza Estévez RJ, Unanue López F. Harlequin syndrome, a rare neurological disease. Neurologia. 2015;30(3):185–187 English, Spanish. 10.1016/j.nrl.2013.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh FB, Kerrison JB, Newman NJ, et al. Anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system. In: Neil RM, Nancy JN, Valerie B, John BK, editors. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 6th ed. Vol. 2. Baltimore (MD), USA: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins; 2005. pp. 649–714. ISBN 9781975118921.
   Google Scholar
• Drummond PD, Finch PM. Reflex control of facial flushing during body heating in man. Brain. 1989 Oct;112(Pt 5):1351–1358. doi: 10.1093/brain/112.5.1351. PMID: 2804616.Maselli, F.; Testa, M.; Superficial peroneal nerve schwannoma presenting as lumbar radicular syndrome in a non-competitive runner. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 2019, 32(2), pp. 361–365. Doi: 10.3233/BMR-181164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling M. Whiplash-associated disorder: musculoskeletal pain and related clinical findings. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19(4):194–200. doi: 10.1179/106698111X13129729551949
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling M, Kenardy J. The relationship between sensory and sympathetic nervous system changes and posttraumatic stress reaction following whiplash injury—a prospective study. J Psychosom Res. 2006;60(4):387–393. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munglani R. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying chronic whiplash associated pain. J Musculoskelet Pain. 2000;8(1–2):169–178. doi: 10.1300/J094v08n01_14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauling JD, Hughes M, Pope JE. Raynaud’s phenomenon-an update on diagnosis, classification and management. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(12):3317–3330. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04745-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devgire V, Hughes M. Raynaud’s phenomenon. Br J Hosp Med. 2019;80(11):658–664. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2019.80.11.658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, et al. Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain. 2003;104(3):509–517. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00078-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, et al. Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury. Pain. 2005;114(1–2):141–148. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone VC, Meroni R, Boria P, et al. Are occupational repetitive movements of the upper arm associated with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathies? Rheumatol Int. 2015;35(2):273–280. doi: 10.1007/s00296-014-3086-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone V, Bonora C, Boria P, et al. Women performing repetitive work: is there a difference in the prevalence of shoulder pain and pathology in supermarket cashiers compared to the general female population? Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2014 Oct;27(5):722–735. doi: 10.2478/s13382-014-0292-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutting N, Mourad F, Kranenburg R, et al. What to look out for, what to do, and when: 3 key messages for safely treating neck pain, headache, and/or orofacial symptoms in musculoskeletal rehabilitation settings. J. 2023;53(2):59–63. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2022.11568
   Google Scholar
• Hutting N, Kerry R, Kranenburg R, et al. Assessing vascular function in patients with neck pain, headache, and/or orofacial pain: part of the job description of all physical therapists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2021;51(9):418–421. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2021.10408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor A, Kerry R, Mourad F, et al. Vascular flow limitations affecting the cervico-cranial region: understanding ischaemia. Braz J Phys Ther. 2023;27(3):100493. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100493
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maselli F, Testa M. Superficial peroneal nerve schwannoma presenting as lumbar radicular syndrome in a non-competitive runner. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2019;32(2):361–365. doi: 10.3233/BMR-181164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maselli F, Rossettini G, Viceconti A, et al. Importance of screening in physical therapy: vertebral fracture of thoracolumbar junction in a recreational runner. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(8):e229987. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229987
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pennella D, Giagio S, Maselli F, et al. Red flags useful to screen for gastrointestinal and hepatic diseases in patients with shoulder pain: a scoping review. Musculoskelet Care. 2022;20(4):721–730. doi: 10.1002/msc.1628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad F, Cataldi F, Patuzzo A, et al. Craniopharyngioma in a young woman with symptoms presenting as mechanical neck pain associated with cervicogenic headache: a case report. Physiother Theory Pract. 2019;37(4):549–558. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1636433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad F, Giovannico G, Maselli F, et al. Basilar impression presenting as intermittent mechanical neck pain: a rare case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1):7. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0847-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wehrwein EA, Orer HS, Barman SM. Overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system. Compr Physiol. 2016 Jun 13;6(3):1239–1278. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c150037. PMID: 27347892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finucane LM, Downie A, Mercer C, et al. International framework for red flags for potential serious spinal pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020 Jul;50(7):350–372. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9971. Epub 2020 May 21. PMID: 32438853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar