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Original Articles

US Arms Transfer Policy to Taiwan: From Carter to Clinton

Pages 53-75 | Published online: 02 Aug 2010

  • Gilpin , Robert . 1981 . War and Change in World Politics , 177 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Zhiheng , Lin . 1997 . 'Ying Zhan Tai Wan' [Winning the battle on Taiwan] . Yuan Jian [Global Views] , 129 March : 44 – 75 .
  • Bitzinger , Richard A. and Gill , Bates . 1996 . Gearing Up for High-tech Warfare? Chinese and Taiwanese Modernization and Implications for Military Confrontation Across the Taiwan Strait, 1995-2005 , 3 Washington, DC : Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment .
  • 1997 . World Journal , 22 November : A9
  • The Republic of China Yearbook , Taipei : Government Information Office . See the trade section of the annual edition of, The percentage of trade in comparison to GDP was 73% in 1994 and 74.86% in 1993
  • 1995 . The Republic of China Yearbook, 1995 , 165 – 166 . Taipei : Government Information Office . For a brief organizational structure and division of labor at the Chung Shun Institute, please see
  • Bitzinger , Richard A. and Gill , Bates . Gearing Up for High-tech Warfare? Chinese and Taiwanese Modernization and Implications for Military Confrontation Across the Taiwan Strait, 1995-2005 37
  • 1996 . The Guardian , 20 March : 9
  • Johnson , Joel L. 1994 . 'Financing the arms trade' . Annals (AAPSS) , 535 September : 118 – 119 .
  • 1997 . World Journal , 28 February : A2 For the arms export control law, see 22 USC 2751
  • Van Vranken Hickey , Dennis . 1994 . United States-Taiwan Security Ties , 43 – 47 . Westport, CT : Praeger . A brief discussion of FMS, commercial sales, and technology transfer can be seen in
  • 1996 . The Republic of China Yearbook, 1996 , 122 Taipei : Government Information Office .
  • 1995 . The Republic of China Yearbook 158
  • Shuibian , Chen and Wanqing , Zhou . 1996 . Kua Shi Ji Bing Fa [Cross-century Military Art] , 92 – 94 . Taipei : China Times Publishing .
  • Huaizhen , Sung . 1995 . Miao Zhun Guo Fang Bu [Target the Department of Defense] , 15 Taipei : Ri Zhen .
  • 1997 . World Journal , 27 June : A4
  • Nolan , Janne E. 1986 . Military Industry in Taiwan and South Korea , 19 – 29 . New York : St. Martin's .
  • Ferrari , Paul L. , Knopf , Jeffrey W. and Madrid , Paul L. 1987 . US Arms Exports: Policies and Contractors , 119 – 137 . Washington, DC : Investor Responsibility Research Center . A brief summary of US arms transfer policy to Asia, including Taiwan, can be seen in
  • Kemp , Geoffrey . 1994 . 'The continuing debate over the US arms stakes: strategic needs and the quest for arms limitations' . Annals (AAPSS) , 535 September : 154
  • Cheng , Tuan Y. 1989 . “ The US Politics of Export Control Policy Toward the People's Republic of China ” . 107 – 110 . 150 University of Georgia . Ph.D. dissertation
  • Lee , Wei-chin . 1987-88 . 'The birth of a salesman: China as an arms supplier' . Journal of Northeast Asian Studies , 6 (4) : 34
  • 1987 . Aviation Week and Space Technology , 7 December : 55 – 56 .
  • Harding , Harry . 1992 . A Fragile Friendship: The United States and China Since 1972 , 168 Washington, DC : Brookings .
  • 1981 . Washington Post , 14 June : C5
  • Gregor , A. James . 1987 . Arming the Dragon: US Security Ties with the People's Republic of China , 99 – 100 . Washington, DC : Ethics and Public Policy Center .
  • Snyder , Edwin K. , Gregor , A. James and Chang , Maria Hsia . 1980 . The Taiwan Relations Act and the Defense of the Republic of China , 68 – 69 . Berkeley, CA : Institute of International Studies .
  • 1979 . Aviation Week and Space Technology , 26 March : 68
  • Snyder , Edwin K. , Gregor , A. James and Chang , Maria Hsia . The Taiwan Relations Act and the Defense of the Republic of China 69
  • 1996 . Xin Xin Wen [The Journalist] , 11-17 August : 32
  • Nolan , Janne E. Military Industry in Taiwan and South Korea 57
  • Marks , Thomas A. 1979 . Defense Modernization and Military Technology Acquisition in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China 30 n.p., Note 1
  • Copper , John F. 1992 . China Diplomacy , 169 – 170 . Boulder, CO : Westview . The text of the 17 August Communique can be found in
  • Harding . A Fragile Friendship: The United States and China Since 1972 117
  • Lu-xun , Shen . 1986 . Jun Shou Wen Ti Yu Zhong Gong Dui Tai Zheng Ce Zhi Yan Jiu [A Study of Arms Sales Issue and Chinese Communist Party's Policy toward Taiwan] , 74 – 75 . Taipei : San Min .
  • Harding . A Fragile Friendship: The United States and China Since 1972 158 370 These figures may vary slightly because the Security Assistance Agency updates its figures regularly. For example, the FMS agreements and deliveries have been readjusted in the report as of 30 September 1995. See Financial Policy Division, Controller, DSAA, Foreign Military Sales,_Foreign Military Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts, As of September 30, 1995. Also see the data in, Table A-10
  • Drezner , Jeffrey A. and Smith , Giles K. 1990 . An Analysis of Weapon System Acquisition Schedules , Santa Monica, CA : Rand Corp. . The length of the acquisition cycle also increases the cost of weapons. See
  • Drezner , J. A. , Jarvaise , J. M. , Hess , R. W. , Hough , P. G. and Norton , D. 1993 . An Analysis of Weapon System Cost Growth , Santa Monica, CA : Rand Corp. . prepared for the Under Secretary of Defense of Acquisition, R-3937-ACQ;, Project Air Force under contract F49620-91-C-0003
  • Segal , Aaron . 1986 . “ 'From technological transfer to science and technological institutionalization' ” . In The Political Economy of International Technology Transfer , Edited by: McIntyre , John R. and Papp , Daniel S. 95 – 115 . Westport, CT : Greenwood . For a discussion of the conversion of technology transfer to technological institutionalization for indigenous development, see
  • Office of Technology Assessment . 1990 . Arming Our Allies: Cooperation and Competition in Defense Technology , Washington, DC : GPO . The study of the impact of defense technology transfer can be found in US Congress
  • US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment . June 1991 . Global Arms Trade: Commerce in Advanced Military Technology and Weapons June , 27 OTA-ISC-460
  • Harding . A Fragile Friendship: The United States and China Since 1972 370
  • 1996 . “ 'Statement [of President Reagan] on United States Arms Sales to Taiwan' ” . In Developing a Consensus for the Future: A Report of the CSIS US China Policy Task Force , 81 Washington, DC : The Center for Strategic and International Studies .
  • 1982 . US Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations . US Policy Toward China and Taiwan, 97th Congress, 2nd Session . August 17 1982 . pp. 13
  • Chiu , Hungdah . 1996 . “ 'Recent relations between China and Taiwan since 1993: testimony before Congressional hearing on the growth of the Chinese military and its threat to Taiwan' ” . In Recent Relations Between Taiwan's Defense Capabilities , Occasional Papers/Reprints Series in Contemporary Asian Studies 3 Edited by: Chiu , Hungdah and Dreyer , June Teufel . 8 – 9 . (134)
  • Lilley , James R. 1986 . 'Proposed sale of aircraft avionics components to China' . Department of State Bulletin , August : 51
  • 1982 . US Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations . US Policy Toward China and Taiwan, 97th Congress, 2nd Session . August 17 1982 . pp. 17
  • Lilley . “ 'Proposed sale of aircraft avionics components to China' ” . 52
  • Kassop , Nancy . 1994 . 'Legitimacy and presidential power: a constitutional analysis of President Carter's termination of the Mutual Security Treaty with Taiwan' . Contribution in Political Science , 327 : 223 – 242 . The Taiwan Relations Act was partially a result of congressional dissatisfaction with Carter's way of terminating the Mutual Defense Treaty with Taiwan. See
  • Kassop , Nancy . 1994 . 'Legitimacy and presidential power: a constitutional analysis of President Carter's termination of the Mutual Security Treaty with Taiwan' . Contribution in Political Science , 327 : 223 – 242 . The Taiwan Relations Act was partially a result of congressional dissatisfaction with Carter's way of terminating the Mutual Defense Treaty with Taiwan. See
  • Thomas A. Marks, Defense Modernization and Military Technology Acquisition in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, see Table 3.
  • 1992 . Far Eastern Economic Review , 20 August : 20
  • 1994 . Los Angeles Times , 27 April : A8
  • 1992 . 'Administration to sell advanced F-16 fighters to Taiwan' . Arms Control Today , September : 25
  • 1982 . US Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations . US Policy Toward China and Taiwan, 97th Congress, 2nd Session . August 17 1982 . pp. 13 33 Ibid.;
  • Feinstein , Lee . 1992 . 'Arms R Us' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 48 (9) : 9
  • Shaw , M. N. 1991 . International Law, , 3rd edition , 118 – 123 . New York : Cambridge University Press . For a discussion of the competition between international law and municipal law in the US, see
  • Slomanson , William R. 1995 . Fundamental Perspectives on International Law , 336 – 341 . St. Paul, MI : West .
  • Glahn , Gerhard von . 1996 . Law Among Nations , 40 – 45 . Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
  • Robinson , Thomas W. 1996 . 'America in Taiwan's post Cold-War foreign relations' . China Quarterly , 148 : 1349 note 25
  • US House of Representatives, Committee on International Relations, Subcommittees on International Economic Policy and Trade, Asia and the Pacific, and International Operations and Human Rights . 1995 . The Future of US Foreign Policy in Asia and the Pacific, Hearings, 104 Congress, 1st Session . 1995 . pp. 276 – 277 .
  • Stone , Peter H. 1994 . 'Call to arms for Taiwan' . National Journal , 26 (19) 7 May : 1074 – 1075 .
  • 1994 . Los Angeles Times , 27 April : A8
  • 1996 . Los Angeles Times , 21 March : A10
  • 1996 . Xin Xin Wen [The Journalist] , 11-17 August : 31 – 35 .
  • 1997 . Free China Journal , 9 October : 1
  • 1997 . Worm Journal , 21 September : 2 The US administration has used 'strategic partnership', 'strategic framework', and 'strategic dialogue' in describing the recent US efforts in engaging China. See
  • 1997 . Business Weekly , 17 October For a discussion of missile defense system related to Taiwan, please see
  • Shambaugh , David . 1996 . 'Taiwan's security: maintaining deterrence amid political accountability' . China Quarterly , 148 : 1299
  • 1997 . World Journal , 2 November : A3 (31 October 1997), p. A2; (2 July 1998), p. A2; (11 July 1998), p. A1
  • Anthony , Ian . 1996 . “ 'Financing the arms trade' ” . In The European Arms Trade , Edited by: Navias , Martin and Willett , Susan . 76 – 78 . New York : Nova Science . For the discussion of Foreign Military Finance Program, see
  • Forsberg , Randall , Peach , Andrew and Reppy , Judith . 1994 . “ 'US airpower and aerospace industries in transition' ” . In The Arms Production Dilemma: Contraction and Restraint in the World Combat Aircraft Industry , Edited by: Forsberg , Randall . 111 – 138 . Cambridge : MIT Press . See, for example
  • 1997 . Dong Xiang [The Trend Magazine] , March : 39 – 40 .
  • Louscher , David J. and Salomone , Michael D. 1987 . “ 'The imperative for a new look at arms sales' ” . In Marketing Security Assistance , Edited by: Louscher , David J. and Salomone , Michael D. 14 – 20 . Lexington, MA : D.C. Heath and Co. .
  • 1997 . Central Daily (overseas) , 5 May : 1
  • Krause , Keith . 1992 . “ 'Arms imports, arms production, and the quest for security in the Third World' ” . In The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States , Edited by: Job , Brian L. 137 – 138 . Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
  • Zhiheng , Lin . 1997 . 'Ying Zhan Tai Wan' [Winning the battle on Taiwan] . Yuan Jian (Global Views) , 129 March : 49 59
  • 1996 . Central Daily (overseas) , 23 October : 2
  • 1998 . World Journal , 11 May : A2 , and (29 June 1998), p. A2
  • Shuibian , Chen and Wanqing , Zhou . 1996 . Kua Shi Ji Bing Fa [Cross-century Military Art] , 192 – 208 . Taipei : China Times . The S-2T has been a case investigated by the Control Yuan for inappropriate procedure and financial waste. See
  • 1996 . World Journal , 15 December : A2
  • Lee , Wei-chin . 1993 . 'Desperately seeking fighters: Taiwan's military aircraft deals' . Pacific Focus , 8 (2) : 144 – 147 .
  • Huaizhen , Sung . 1995 . Miao Zhun Guo Fang Bu [Target the Department of Defense] , 18 – 19 . Taipei : Ri Zhen Publishing Co .
  • 1996 . World Journal , 19 August : A2
  • Ball , Nicole . 1988 . Security and Economy in the Third World , 288 – 289 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press . The use of offsets in arms sales has changed the relationship between suppliers and recipients somewhat. See
  • Brzoska , Michael . 1995 . “ 'Spread of conventional weapons production technology' ” . In Arms and Technology Transfers , Edited by: Lodgaard , Sverre and Pfaltzgraff , Robert L. Jr. 24 New York : United Nations . UNDIR/95/22, Sales NO. GV.E.95.0.10
  • 1996 . World Journal , 6 September : A2
  • Lu-xun , Shen . 1986 . Jun Shou Wen Ti Yu Zhong Gong Dui Tai Zheng Ce Zhi Yan Jiu [A Study of Arms Sales Issue and Chinese Communist Party's Policy toward Taiwan] , 79 Taipei : San Min . Similar argument can be found in
  • Bochun , Hao . 1995 . Hao Zong Zhang Ri Ji Zhong De Jing Guo Xian Sheng Wan Nien [The Later Days of Mr. Jiang Jing Guo in General Chief-of-Staff Hao's Diary] , 27 – 29 . Taipei : Tian Xia .
  • 1997 . China Times , 26 June
  • Yu , Taifa . 1997 . 'Taiwanese democracy under threat: impact and limit of Chinese military coercion' . Pacific Affairs , 70 (1) : 35
  • Freeman , Chas W. Jr. 1998 . 'Preventing war in the Taiwan Strait: restraining Taiwan--and Beijing' . Foreign Affairs , 77 (4) July/August : 11 For example, see the arguments presented in
  • 1998 . World Journal , 15 April : A7 For example, a pro-PRC newspaper (Wen Hui Bao) has indicated that arms sales to Taiwan have been discussed between China and the US before the official announcement of the sales
  • Johnson , Joel L. 1994 . 'Financing the arms trade' . Annals (AAPSS) , 535 : 118
  • Krause , Keith . 1992 . Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade , 200 – 201 . New York : Cambridge University Press . Also see

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