Generation of Horsepower at Low and High Velocity by Sprinters and Distance Runners

References

• Barnard , R. , Edgerton , V. and Peter , J. 1970 . Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle. I. Biochemical and histochemical properties . Journal of Applied Physiology , 28 : 762 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard , R. , Edgerton , V. and Peter , J. 1970 . Effects of exercise on skeletal muscle. II. Contractile properties . Journal of Applied Physiology , 28 : 767 – 770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth , F. and Narahara , K. 1974 . Vastus lateralis eytochrome oxidase activity and its relationship to maximal oxygen consumption in man . Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology , 349 : 319 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchthal , F. and Schmalbruch , H. 1970 . Contraction times and fiber types in intact human muscle . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 79 : 435 – 452 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , R. and Edgerton , V. 1975 . “ Motor unit properties and selective involvement in movement ” . In Exercise and sport sciences reviews , Edited by: Wilmore , J. and Keough , J. Vol 3. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , H. 1953 . Cable-tension strength tests , Springfield , Mass. : Brown and Murphy .
   Google Scholar
• Close , R. 1972 . Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles . Physiological Reviews , 52 : 129 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costill , D. , Daniels , J. , Evans , W. , Fink , W. , Krahenbuhl , G. and Saltin , B. 1976 . Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes . Journal of Applied Physiology , 40 : 149 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington , D. and Edgerton , V. 1976 . The biology of physical activity , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Edstrom , L. and Ekblom , B. 1972 . Differences in sizes of red and white muscle fibers in vastus lateralis of musculus quadriceps of normal individuals and athletes. Relation of physical performance . Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigations , 30 : 175 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elftman , H. 1939 . The function of muscles in locomotion . American Journal of Physiology , 125 : 357 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Elftman , H. 1940 . The work done by muscles . American Journal of Physiology , 129 : 684 – 762 .
   Google Scholar
• Essen , B. , Jansson , E. , Henriksson , J. , Taylor , A. and Saltin , B. 1975 . Metabolic characteristics of fiber types in human skeletal muscle . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 95 : 153 – 165 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forsberg , A. , Tesch , P. , Sjoden , B. , Thorstensson , A. and Karlsson , J. 1976 . “ Skeletal muscle fibers and athletic performance ” . In Biomechanics V-A , Edited by: Komi , P. Baltimore : University Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gollnick , P. , Armstrong , R. , Saltin , B. , Saubert , C. IV , Sembrowich , W. and Shepherd , R. 1973 . Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle . Journal of Applied Physiology , 34 : 107 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollnick , P. , Armstrong , R. , Saubert , C. IV , Piehl , K. and Saltin , B. 1972 . Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men . Journal of Applied Physiology , 33 : 312 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , A. 1970 . Vertebrate slow muscle fibers . Physiological Reviews , 50 : 40 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , A. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle . Proceedings of Royal Society of London: Biological Sciences . Vol. 126 , pp. 136 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , A. 1951 . The mechanics of voluntary muscle . Lancet , 261 : 947 – 951 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloszy , J. 1973 . “ Biochemical adaptation of exercise: Aerobic metabolism ” . In Exercise and sport sciences reviews , Edited by: Wilmore , J. New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hoppeler , H. , Luthi , P. , Claassen , H. , Weibel , E. and Howard , H. 1973 . The ultrastructure of normal human skeletal muscle . Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology , 344 : 217 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. and Siegel , D. 1978 . Reliability of an isokinetic movement of knee extensors . Research Quarterly , 49 : 88 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneko , M. 1970 . The relation between force, velocity and mechanical power in human muscle . Research Journal of Physical Education (Japan) , 14 : 141 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiessling , K. , Pilstrom , L. , Bylund , A. , Saltin , B. and Piehl , K. 1974 . Enzyme activities and morphometry in skeletal muscle of middle-aged men after training . Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigations , 33 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peachey , L. 1968 . Muscle . Annual Reviews of Physiology , 30 : 401 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter , J. , Barnard , R. , Edgerton , V. , Gillespie , C. and Stemple , K. 1972 . Metabolic profiles of three fiber types of skeletal muscle in guinea pigs and rabbits . Biochemistry , 11 : 2627 – 2631 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince , F. , Hikida , R. and Hagerman , F. 1976 . Human muscle fibre types in power lifters, distance runners, and untrained subjects . Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology , 363 : 16 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltin , B. 1973 . Metabolic fundamentals in exercise . Medicine and Science in Sports , 5 : 137 – 146 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmalbruch , H. and Kamieniecka , Z. 1974 . Fiber types in the human brachial biceps muscle . Experimental Neurology , 44 : 313 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steindler , A. 1955 . Kinesiology of the human body under normal and pathological conditions , Springfield , Ill. : Charles C Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Thorstensson , A. , Grimby , G. and Karlsson , J. 1976 . Force-velocity relations and fiber compositions in human knee extensor muscles . Journal of Applied Physiology , 40 : 12 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorstensson , A. , Hulten , B. , von Dobeln , W. and Karlsson , J. 1976 . Effect of strength training on enzyme activities and fiber characteristics in human skeletal muscle . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica , 96 : 392 – 398 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorstensson , A. , Larsson , L. , Tesch , P. and Karlsson , J. 1977 . Muscle strength and fiber composition in athletes and sedentary men . Medicine and Science in Sports , 9 : 26 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Warmolts , J. and Engel , W. 1970 . “ Correlation of motor unit behavior with histochemical myofiber type in humans by open-biopsy electromyography ” . In Developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology , Edited by: Desmedt , J. E. Basel : Karger .
   Google Scholar