The Overlap of Depressive Personality Disorder and Dysthymia, Reconsidered

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: Ameri- can Psychiatric Association, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Cassano GB, eds. Dysthymia and the spectrum of chronic depressions. New York: Guilford, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Blashfield R. Commentary on Ryder and Bagby. J Pers Dis- ord 1999;13:152–6.
   Google Scholar
• Clark LA, Watson D. Personality, disorder, and personality disorder: towards a more rational conceptualization. J Pers Disord 1999;13:142–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Bayon C, Svrakic DM. Measurement of temper- ament and character in mood disorders: a model of fundamen- tal states as personality types. J Affect Disord 1998;51:21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RMA. Major depression, dysthymia, and de- pressive personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1994;165(suppl 26):23–30.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RMA, Holzer CE. Depressive personality disorder: clinical implications. J Clin Psychiatry 1994;55(suppl):10–7.
   Google Scholar
• Huprich SK. Depressive personality disorder: theoretical is- sues, clinical findings, and future research questions. Clin Psychol Rev 1998;18:477–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huprich SK. Depressive personality disorder: empirical valid- ity and object loss. Presented at the 71st annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Huprich SK. Describing depressive personality analogues and dysthymics on the NEO–Personality Inventory—Revised. J Clin Psychol 2000;56:1521–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huprich SK. Object loss and object relations in depressive per- sonality analogues. Bull Menninger Clin [In press].
   Google Scholar
• Huprich SK, Fine MA. Diagnoses under consideration—self- defeating and depressive personality disorders: current status and clinical issues. J Contemp Psychother 1997;27:303–22.
   Google Scholar
• Klein DN. Depressive personality: reliability, validity, and re- lation to dysthymia. J Abnorm Psychol 1990;99:412–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein DN. Commentary on Ryder and Bagby’s “Diagnostic va- lidity of depressive personality disorder: theoretical and con- ceptual issues.” J Pers Disord 1999;13:118–27.
   Google Scholar
• Klein DN. Depressive personality in the relatives of outpa- tients with dysthymic disorder and episodic major depressive disorder and normal controls. J Affect Disord 1999;55:19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein DN, Miller GA. Depressive personality in nonclinical subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1718–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein DN, Shih JH. Depressive personality: associations with DSM-III-R mood and personality disorders and negative and positive affectivity, 30-month stability, and prediction of course of Axis I depressive disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:319–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips KA, Gunderson JG. Depressive personality disorder: fact or fiction? J Pers Disord 1999;13:128–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips KA, Gunderson JG, Hirschfeld RMA, Smith LE. A re- view of the depressive personality. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:830–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips KA, Hirschfeld RMA, Shea MT, Gunderson JG. De- pressive personality disorder: perspectives for DSM-IV. J Pers Disord 1993;7:30–42.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips KA, Gunderson JG, Triebwasser J, Kimble CR, Faedda G, Lyoo IK, et al. Reliability and validity of depressive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1044–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryder AG, Bagby RM. Diagnostic viability of depressive per- sonality disorder: theoretical and conceptual issues. J Pers Disord 1999;13:99–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger TA. Depressive personality traits and dysthymia: a commentary on Ryder and Bagby. J Pers Disord 1999;13:135–41.
   Google Scholar
• Widiger TA, Trull TJ, Clarkin JF, Sanderson C, Costa PT Jr. A description of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality. In: Costa PT Jr, Widi- ger TA, eds. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Associa- tion, 1994:41–56.
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed chronic depressive subtypes. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. Validating affective personality types. In: Robins LN, Barrett JE, eds. The validity of psychiatric diagnosis. New York: Raven, 1989:217–27.
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. Overview of chronic depressions and their clinical management. In: Akiskal HS, Cassano GB, eds. Dysthymia and the spectrum of chronic depressions. New York: Guilford, 1997:1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Klein DN. Diagnosis and classification of dysthymic disorder. In: Kocsis JH, Klein DN, eds. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic depression. New York: Guilford, 1995:1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Klein DN, Taylor EB, Dickstein S, Harding K. Primary early- onset dysthymia: comparison with primary nonbipolar non- chronic major depression on demographic, clinical, familial, personality, and socioenvironmental characteristics and short- term outcome. J Abnorm Psychol 1988;97:387–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia. Edin- burgh: Livingstone, 1921.
   Google Scholar
• Von Zerssen D, Akiskal HS. Personality factors in affective disorders: historical developments and current issues with special reference to the concepts of temperament and charac- ter. J Affect Disord 1998;51:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. Manic depressive insanity and paranoia. Edin- burgh: Livingstone, 1921.
   Google Scholar
• Gunderson JG, Phillips KA, Triebwasser J, Hirschfeld RMA. The diagnostic interview for depressive personality. Am J Psy- chiatry 1994;151:1300–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huprich SK, Margrett J, Barthelemy KJ, Fine MA. The De- pressive Personality Disorder Inventory: an initial examina- tion of its psychometric properties. J Clin Psychol 1996;52:153–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider K. Psychopathic personalities. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1958.
   Google Scholar
• Costa PT Jr, McCrae RR. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) pro- fessional manual. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW, Benjamin LS. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders. Version 2.0. New York: Biometrics Research De- partment, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Davis SE, Hays LW. An examination of the clinical validity of the MCMI-III Depressive Personality Scale. J Clin Psychol 1997;53:15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millon T. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory—III manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Przybeck TR, Svrakic DM, Wetzel RD. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington Uni- versity, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Svrakic DM, Whitehead C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Dif- ferential diagnosis of the personality disorders by the seven- factor model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychi- atry 1993;50:991–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason BJ, Kocsis JH, Leon AC, Thompson S, Frances AJ, Morgan RO, et al. Measurement of severity and treatment re- sponse in dysthymia. Psychiatr Ann 1993;23:625–31.
   Google Scholar
• Warren WL. Manual for Revised Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Re- sources, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• McCrae RR, Costa PT Jr. Personality trait structure as a hu- man universal. Am Psychol 1997;52:509–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Placidi GF, Maremmani I, Signoretta S, Liguori A, Gervasi R, et al. TEMPS-I: delineating the most discrimi- nant traits of the cyclothymic, depressive, hyperthymic and irritable temperaments in a nonpatient population. J Affect Disord 1998;51:7–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Rosenthal TL, Haykal RF, Lemmi H, Rosenthal RH, Scott-Strauss A. Characterological depressions: clinical and sleep EEG findings separating “subaffective dysthymias” from “character spectrum disorders.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980;37:777–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmer E. Physique and character. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1925.
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: a proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:573–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:975–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck HJ. The biological basis of personality. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Gray JA. The neuropsychology of temperament. In: Strelau J, Angleitner A, eds. Explorations in temperament: international perspectives on theory and measurement. New York: Ple- num, 1991:105–28.
   Google Scholar
• Nixon SJ, Parsons OA. Cloninger’s tridimensional theory of personality: construct validity in a sample of college students. Pers Indiv Diff 1989;10:1261–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM. Differentiating normal and devi- ant personality by the seven-factor personality model. In: Strack S, Lorr M, eds. Differentiating normal and abnormal personality. London: Springer, 1994:40–64.
   Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK. BDI-II manual. San Antonio: Psychological Corporation, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall PC, Hollon SD, Beck AT, Hammen CL, Ingram RE. Issues and recommendations regarding the use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Cogn Ther Res 1987;11:289–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller IW, Bishop S, Norman WH, Maddever H. The modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: reliability and validity. Psychiatry Res 1985;14:131–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld RMA, Klerman GL, Clayton PJ, Keller MB, McDonald-Scott P, Larkin BH. Assessing personality: effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. Am J Psychiatry 1983;140:695–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark DA, Steer RA. Empirical status of the cognitive model of anxiety and depression. In: Salkovskis PM, ed. Frontiers of cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford, 1996:75–96.
   Google Scholar
• Hollon SD, DeRubeis RJ, Evans MD. Cognitive therapy in the treatment and prevention of depression. In: Salkovskis PM, ed. Frontiers of cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford, 1996: 293–317.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson-Gray RO, Johnson D, Foyle LW, Daniel SS, Harmon R Jr. The effectiveness of cognitive therapy tailored to de- pressives with personality disorders. J Pers Disord 1996;10:132–52.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer R, Nelson-Gray RO. Personality disorders and depres- sion: hypothetical relations, empirical findings, and method- ological considerations. Clin Psychol Rev 1990;10:453–76.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper AM, Michels R. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. [Book review]. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:128–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frances A. The DSM-III personality disorders section: a com- mentary. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:1050–4.
   Google Scholar
• Frances A, Cooper AM. Descriptive and dynamic psychiatry: a perspective on DSM-III. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:1198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein WN, Anthony RN. The diagnosis of depression and the DSMs. Am J Psychother 1988;42:180–96.
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg OF. Severe personality disorders: psychotherapeutic strategies. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Abraham K. Psychoanalytic studies on character formation. London: Hogarth, 1927.
   Google Scholar
• Blatt SJ, Homann E. Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clin Psychol Rev 1992;12:47–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neil MK, Lancee WJ, Freeman SJ. Loss and depression: a controversial link. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987;175:354–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg RP, Fisher S. Mood-mending medicines: probing drug, psychotherapy, and placebo solutions. In: Fisher S, Greenberg RP, eds. From placebo to panacea: putting psychi- atric drugs to the test. New York: Wiley, 1997:115–72.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg RP, Bornstein RF, Greenberg MD, Fisher S. A meta-analysis of antidepressant outcome under “blinder” con- ditions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:664–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg RP, Bornstein RF, Greenberg MD, Fisher S. As for the kings: a reply with regard to depression subtypes and anti- depressant response. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:675–7.
   Google Scholar