REFERENCES
- Schmideberg M. The borderline patient. In: Arieti S, ed. Ameri- can handbook of psychiatry, vol 1. New York: Basic, 1959:398– 416.
- Werble B. Second follow-up study of borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1970;23:3–7.
- Carpenter WT Jr, Gunderson JG, Strauss JS. Considerations of the borderline syndrome: a longitudinal comparative study of borderline and schizophrenic patients. In: Hartocollis P, ed. Bor- derline personality disorders: the concept, the syndrome, the pa- tient. New York: International Universities Press, 1977:231–53.
- Pope HG Jr, Jonas JM, Hudson JI, Cohen BM, Gunderson JG. The validity of DSM-III borderline personality disorder: a phe- nomenologic, family history, treatment response, and long-term follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:23–30.
- McGlashan TH. The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study, III: Long- term outcome of borderline personalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:20–30.
- Plakun EM, Burkhardt PE, Muller JP. 14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Compr Psy- chiatry 1985;26:448–55.
- Stone MH. The fate of borderline patients: successful outcome and psychiatric practice. New York: Guilford, 1990.
- Paris J, Brown R, Nowlis D. Long-term follow-up of borderline patients in a general hospital. Compr Psychiatry 1987;28:530–5.
- Swartz M, Blazer D, George L, Winfield I. Estimating the prevalence of borderline personality disorder in the community. J Per- sonal Disord 1990;4:257–72.
- Luborsky L. Clinicians’ judgment of mental health. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1962;7:407–17.
- Endicott J, Spitzer RL, Fleiss JL, Cohen J. The Global Assess- ment Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psy- chiatric disturbance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:766–71.
- Gunderson JG, Kolb JE. Discriminating features of borderline patients. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:792–6.
- Paris J, Nowlis D, Brown R. Predictors of suicide in borderline personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry 1989;34:8–9.
- Kjelsberg E, Eikeseth PH, Dahl AA. Suicide in borderline pa- tients—predictive factors. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;84:283–7.
- Silver D, Cardish R. BPD outcome studies: psychotherapy im- plications. Presented at the 144th Annual Meeting of the Amer- ican Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, May 1991.
- Wilkinson DG. The suicide rate in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:138–41.
- Guze SB, Robins E. Suicide and primary affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1970;117:437–8.
- McGlashan TH. The prediction of outcome in borderline person- ality disorder: part V of the Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study. In: McGlashan TH, ed. The borderline: current empirical research. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1985:61–98.
- Zanarini MC. Childhood experiences associated with the devel- opment of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000;23:89–101.
- Paris J, Zweig-Frank H, Guzder J. Psychological risk factors in recovery from borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychia- try 1993;34:410–3.
- Paris J, Nowlis D, Brown R. Developmental factors in the out- come of borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29:147–50.
- Pokorny AD. Prediction of suicide in psychiatric patients: report of a prospective study. Arch Gen Psychiatry l983;40:249–57.
- Kullgren G. Factors associated with completed suicide in bor- derline personality disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988;176:40–4.
- Lesage AD, Boyer R, Grunberg F, Vanier C, Morrisette R, Ménard-Buteau C, et al. Suicide and mental disorders: a case- control study of young men. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1063–8.
- Links PS, Heslegrave R, Van Reekum R. Prospective follow-up study of borderline personality disorder: prognosis, prediction of outcome, and Axis II comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 1998;43:265– 70.
- Links PS, Heslegrave RJ, Mitton JE, Van Reekum R, Patrick J. Borderline personality disorder and substance abuse: conse- quences of comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry 1995;40:9–14.
- Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Attainment and maintenance of reliability of Axis I and II disorders over the course of a longitu- dinal study. Compr Psychiatry 2001;42:369–74.
- Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Khera GS, Bleichmar J. Treat- ment histories of borderline inpatients. Compr Psychiatry 2001; 42:144–50.
- Gunderson JG, Shea MT, Skodol AE, McGlashan TH, Morey LC, et al. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: development, aims, design, and sample characteristics. J Personal Disord 2000;14:300–15.
- Grilo CM, McGlashan TH, Skodol AE. Stability and course of personality disorders: the need to consider comorbidities and conti- nuities between Axis I psychiatric disorders and Axis II person- ality disorders. Psychiatr Q 2000;71:291–307.
- Paris J, Zweig-Frank H. A 27-year follow-up of patients with bor- derline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2001;42:482–7.
- Zweig-Frank H, Paris J. Predictors of outcome in a 27-year fol- low-up of patients with borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2002;43:103–7.
- National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System, 1999. [Available on the World Wide Web at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/dvs/mcd/ msb.htm].
- Zanarini MC, Gunderson JG, Frankenburg FR, Chauncey DL. The Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines: discriminat- ing BPD from other Axis II disorders. J Personal Disord 1989; 3:10–8.
- Pepper CM, Klein DN, Anderson RL, Riso LP, Ouimette PC, Lizardi H. DSM-III-R Axis II comorbidity in dysthymia and ma- jor depression. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:239–47.
- Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Dubo ED, Sickel AE, Trikha A, Levin A, et al. Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disor- der. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1733–9.
- Vaillant GE. Adaptation to life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Har- vard University Press, 1977.
- Vaillant GE. The natural history of alcoholism revisited. Cam- bridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1995.
- Black DW, Baumgard CH, Bell SE. A 16- to 45-year follow-up of 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1995;36:130–40.
- Keel PK, Mitchell JE, Miller KB, Davis TL, Crow SJ. Long-term outcome of bulimia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:63–9.
- Bandura A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, New Jer- sey: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
- Bardenstein KK, McGlashan TH. The natural history of a resi- dentially treated borderline sample: gender differences. J Per- sonal Disord 1988;2:69–83.
- Paris J, Braverman S. Successful and unsuccessful marriages in borderline patients. J Am Acad Psychoanal 1995;23:153–66.
- Riley G. Divorce: an American tradition. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1991.
- Weiss M, Zelkowitz P, Feldman RB, Vogel J, Heyman M, Paris J. Psychopathology in offspring of mothers with borderline personality disorder: a pilot study. Can J Psychiatry 1996;41:285–90.
- Feldman RB, Zelkowitz P, Weiss M, Vogel J, Heyman M, Paris J. A comparison of the families of mothers with borderline and non- borderline personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1995;36:157–63.
- Perry JC, Banon E, Ianni F. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1312–21.
- Soloff PH. Psychopharmacology of borderline personality disor- der. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000;23:169–92.
- Linehan MM, Armstrong HE, Suarez A, Allmon D, Heard HL. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal bor- derline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:1060–4.
- Linehan MM, Heard HL, Armstrong HE. Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:971–4.
- Skodol AE, Buckley P, Charles E. Is there a characteristic pat- tern to the treatment history of clinic outpatients with border- line personality? J Nerv Ment Dis 1983;171:405–10.
- Waldinger RJ, Gunderson JG. Completed psychotherapies with borderline patients. Am J Psychother 1984;38:190–202.
- McGlashan TH. Implications of outcome research for the treat- ment of borderline personality disorder. In: Paris J, ed. Border- line personality disorder: etiology and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993:235–59.
- Silver D. Psychotherapy of the characterologically difficult pa- tient. Can J Psychiatry 1983;28:513–21.
- Paris J. Chronic suicidality among patients with borderline per- sonality disorder. Psychiatr Serv 2002;53:738–42.
- Linehan MM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline per- sonality disorder. New York: Guilford, 1993.
- Gunderson JG, Phillips KA. A current view of the interface be- tween borderline personality disorder and depression. Am J Psy- chiatry 1991;148:967–75.
- Bolton S, Gunderson JG. Distinguishing borderline personality disorder from bipolar disorder: differential diagnosis and impli- cations. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:1202–7.
- Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:1081–8.
- Jang KL, Livesley WJ, Vernon PA, Jackson DN. Heritability of personality disorder traits: a twin study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:438–44.
- Paris J. Nature and nurture in psychiatry: a predisposition- stress model of mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1999.
- Kandel ER. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:457–69.
- Gunderson JG. Borderline personality disorder: a clinical guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2001.
- Barlow DH, ed. Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: a step-by-step treatment manual. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford, 2001.
- Maltsberger JT. Calculated risks in the treatment of intractably suicidal patients. Psychiatry 1994;57:199–212.
- Fine MA, Sansone RA. Dilemmas in the management of suicidal behavior in individuals with borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychother 1990;44:160–71.
- Dawson D, MacMillan HL. Relationship management of the bor- derline patient: from understanding to treatment. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1993.
- Hull JW, Yeomans F, Clarkin J, Li C, Goodman G. Factors asso- ciated with multiple hospitalizations of patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Serv 1996;47:638–41.
- Piper WE, Rosie JS, Joyce AS, Azim HFA. Time-limited day treatment for personality disorders: integration of research and practice in a group program. Washington, DC: American Psy- chological Association, 1996.
- Bateman A, Fonagy P. Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1563–9.
- Bateman A, Fonagy P. Treatment of borderline personality dis- order with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:36–42.
- Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, et al. Functional impairment in patients with schizo- typal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:276–83.
- Harding CM, Brooks GW, Ashikaga T, Strauss JS, Breier A. Ver- mont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM- III criteria for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1987;143:727–35.
- Winokur G, Tsuang MT. The natural history of mania, depres- sion, and schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996.