Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Its Application to Neuropsychiatric Disorders

REFERENCES

• Beaulieu C, Allen PS. Determinants of anisotropic water diffu- sion in nerves. Magn Reson Med 1994;31:394–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimberger DM, Roberts TP, Barkovich AJ, Prayer LM, Moseley ME, Kucharczyk J. Identification of “premyelination” by diffusion-weighted MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995;19:28–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hüppi PS, Maier SE, Peled S, Zientara GP, Barnes PD, Jolesz FA, et al. Microstructural development of human newborn cere- bral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatr Res 1998;44:584–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le Bihan D, Breton E, Lallemand D, Grenier P, Cabanis E, Laval-Jeantet M. MR imaging of intravoxel incoherent motions: application to diffusion and perfusion in neurologic disorders. Radiology 1986;161:401–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierpaoli C, Jezzard P, Basser PJ, Barnett A, Di Chiro G. Diffu- sion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology 1996; 201:637–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basser PJ, Mattiello J, Le Bihan D. MR diffusion tensor spec- troscopy and imaging. Biophys J 1994;66:259–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner R, Le Bihan D, Maier J, Vavrek R, Hedges LK, Pekar J. Echo-planar imaging of intravoxel incoherent motion. Radiology 1990;177:407–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordidge RJ, Helpern JA, Qing ZX, Knight RA, Nagesh V. Correction of motional artifacts in diffusion-weighted MR images using navigator echoes. Magn Reson Imaging 1994;12:455–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouard TP, Theilmann RJ, Altbach MI, Gmitro AF. High- resolution diffusion imaging with DIFRAD-FSE (diffusion- weighted radial acquisition of data with fast spin-echo) MRI. Magn Reson Med 1999;42:11–8.
   Google Scholar
• Maier SE, Gudbjartsson H, Patz S, Hsu L, Lovblad KO, Edelman RR, et al. Line scan diffusion imaging: characterization in healthy subjects and stroke patients. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171:85–93.
   Google Scholar
• Maier SE. Slab scan diffusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 2001;46:1136–43.
   Google Scholar
• Westin CF, Maier SE, Mamata H, Nabavi A, Jolesz FA, Kikinis R. Processing and visualization for diffusion tensor MRI. Med Im- age Anal 2002;6:93–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological fea- tures of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J Magn Reson B 1996;111:209–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reese TG, Weisskoff RM, Smith RN, Rosen BR, Dinsmore RE, Wedeen VJ. Imaging myocardial fiber architecture in vivo with magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med 1995;34:786–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makris N, Worth AJ, Sorensen AG, Papadimitriou GM, Wu O, Reese TG, et al. Morphometry of in vivo human white matter as- sociation pathways with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1997;42:951–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierpaoli C, Basser PJ. Toward a quantitative assessment of dif- fusion anisotropy. Magn Reson Med 1996;36:893–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peled S, Gudbjartsson H, Westin CF, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA. Mag- netic resonance imaging shows orientation and asymmetry of white matter fiber tracts. Brain Res 1998;780:27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Mintorovitch J, Chileuitt L, Shimizu H, Kucharczyk J, et al. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spec- troscopy. Magn Reson Med 1990;14:330–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warach S, Chien D, Li W, Ronthal M, Edelman RR. Fast mag- netic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging of acute human stroke. Neurology 1992;42:1717–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warach S, Gaa J, Siewert B, Wielopolski P, Edelman RR. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion- weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1995;37:231–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruda JS, Chew WM, Moseley ME, Norman D. Diffusion- weighted MR imaging of the brain: value of differentiating be- tween extraaxial cysts and epidermoid tumors. Am J Roentgenol 1990;155:1059–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hajnal JV, Doran M, Hall AS, Collins AG, Oatridge A, Pennock JM, et al. MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion of water in the nervous system: technical, anatomic, and pathologic considerations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991;15:1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien D, Kwong KK, Gress DR, Buonanno FS, Buxton RB, Rosen BR. MR diffusion imaging of cerebral infarction in humans. Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13:1097–102.
   Google Scholar
• Warach S, Dashe JF, Edelman RR. Clinical outcome in ischemic stroke predicted by early diffusion-weighted and perfusion mag- netic resonance imaging: a preliminary analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1996;16:53–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rother J, De Crespigny AJ, D’Arceuil H, Iwai K, Moseley ME. Recovery of apparent diffusion coefficient after ischemia-induced spreading depression relates to cerebral perfusion gradient. Stroke 1996;27:980–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelaya F, Flood N, Chalk JB, Wang D, Doddrell DM, Strugnell W, et al. An evaluation of the time dependence of the anisotropy of the water diffusion tensor in acute human ischemia. Magn Re- son Imaging 1999;17:331–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werring DJ, Toosy AT, Clark CA, Parker GJ, Barker GJ, Miller DH, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging can detect and quantify cor- ticospinal tract degeneration after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:269–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierpaoli C, Barnett A, Pajevic S, Chen R, Penix LR, Virta A, et al. Water diffusion changes in wallerian degeneration and their dependence on white matter architecture. Neuroimage 2001;13:1174–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee P, Bahn MM, McKinstry RC, Shimony JS, Cull TS, Akbudak E, et al. Differences between gray matter and white matter water diffusion in stroke: diffusion-tensor MR imaging in 12 patients. Radiology 2000;215:211–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito J, Marmarou A, Barzo P, Fatouros P, Corwin F. Characteri- zation of edema by diffusion-weighted imaging in experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 1996;84:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzo P, Marmarou A, Fatouros P, Hayasaki K, Corwin F. Con- tribution of vasogenic and cellular edema to traumatic brain swelling measured by diffusion-weighted imaging. J Neurosurg 1997;87:900–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werring DJ, Clark CA, Barker GJ, Miller DH, Parker GJ, Bram- mer MJ, et al. The structural and functional mechanisms of motor recovery: complementary use of diffusion tensor and func- tional magnetic resonance imaging in a traumatic injury of the internal capsule. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65:863–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wieshmann UC, Symms MR, Clark CA, Lemieux L, Parker GJ, Barker GJ, et al. Blunt-head trauma associated with widespread water-diffusion changes [Letter]. Lancet 1999;353:1242–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieshmann UC, Symms MR, Parker GJ, Clark CA, Lemieux L, Barker GJ, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging demonstrates de- viation of fibres in normal appearing white matter adjacent to a brain tumour. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:501–3.
   Google Scholar
• Mori S, Frederiksen K, Van Zijl PC, Stieltjes B, Kraut MA, Solaiyappan M, et al. Brain white matter anatomy of tumor patients evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging. Ann Neurol 2002;51:377–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch MW, Rutecki PA, Sutula TP. The effects of seizures on the brain. Curr Opin Neurol 1996;9:97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugg-Gunn FJ, Eriksson SH, Symms MR, Barker GJ, Duncan JS. Diffusion tensor imaging of cryptogenic and acquired partial epilepsies. Brain 2001;124:627–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen P, Gideon P, Thomsen C, Stubgaard M, Henriksen O, Larsson HB. Increased water self-diffusion in chronic plaques and in apparently normal white matter in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87:195–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droogan AG, Clark CA, Werring DJ, Barker GJ, McDonald WI, Miller DH. Comparison of multiple sclerosis clinical subgroups using navigated spin echo diffusion-weighted imaging. Magn Re- son Imaging 1999;17:653–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cercignani M, Iannucci G, Rocca MA, Comi G, Horsfield MA, Fil- ippi M. Pathologic damage in MS assessed by diffusion-weighted and magnetization transfer MRI. Neurology 2000;54:1139–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tievsky AL, Ptak T, Farkas J. Investigation of apparent diffu- sion coefficient and diffusion tensor anisotropy in acute and chronic multiple sclerosis lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20:1491–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippi M, Cercignani M, Inglese M, Horsfield MA, Comi G. Dif- fusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2001;56:304–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Tomaiuolo F, Sabatini U, Nocentini R, Grasso MG, Caltagirone C. Demyelinating plaques in relapsing- remitting and secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: assess- ment with diffusion MR imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21:862–8.
   Google Scholar
• Guo AC, Petrella JR, Kurtzberg J, Provenzale JM. Evaluation of white matter anisotropy in Krabbe disease with diffusion tensor MR imaging: initial experience. Radiology 2001;218:809–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomara N, Crandall DT, Choi SJ, Johnson G, Lim KO. White matter abnormalities in HIV-1 infection: a diffusion tensor im- aging study. Psychiatry Res 2001;106:15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippi CG, Ulug AM, Ryan E, Ferrando SJ, Van Gorp W. Diffu- sion tensor imaging of patients with HIV and normal-appearing white matter on MR images of the brain. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:277–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis CM, Simmons A, Jones DK, Bland J, Dawson JM, Horsfield MA, et al. Diffusion tensor MRI assesses corticospinal tract dam- age in ALS. Neurology 1999;53:1051–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabriat H, Pappata S, Poupon C, Clark CA, Vahedi K, Poupon F, et al. Clinical severity in CADASIL related to ultrastructural damage in white matter: in vivo study with diffusion tensor MRI. Stroke 1999;30:2637–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulug AM, Moore DF, Bojko AS, Zimmerman RD. Clinical use of diffusion-tensor imaging for diseases causing neuronal and ax- onal damage. Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1044–8.
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Hedehus M, Adalsteinsson E, Lim KO, Moseley M. In vivo detection and functional correlates of white matter microstructural disruption in chronic alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:1214–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman WP, Baty JD, Buckles VD, Sahrmann S, Morris JC. Motor dysfunction in mildly demented AD individuals without extrapyramidal signs. Neurology 1999;53:956–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun A, Englund E. A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Ann Neurol 1986; 19:253–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englund E. Neuropathology of white matter changes in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1998;9(suppl 1):6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hanyu H, Asano T, Sakurai H, Imon Y, Iwamoto T, Takasaki M, et al. Diffusion-weighted and magnetization transfer imaging of the corpus callosum in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci 1999;167:37–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weis S, Jellinger K, Wenger E. Morphometry of the corpus callo- sum in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm Suppl 1991;33:35–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janowsky JS, Kaye JA, Carper RA. Atrophy of the corpus callo- sum in Alzheimer’s disease versus healthy aging. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996;44:798–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose SE, Chen F, Chalk JB, Zelaya FO, Strugnell WE, Benson M, et al. Loss of connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease: an evalua- tion of white matter tract integrity with colour coded MR dif- fusion tensor imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69:528–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantarci K, Jack CR Jr, Xu YC, Campeau NG, O’Brien PC, Smith GE, et al. Mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: re- gional diffusivity of water. Radiology 2001;219:101–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW. A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2001;49:1–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim KO, Hedehus M, Moseley M, De Crespigny A, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:367–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchsbaum MS, Tang CY, Peled S, Gudbjartsson H, Lu D, Haz- lett EA, et al. MRI white matter diffusion anisotropy and PET metabolic rate in schizophrenia. Neuroreport 1998;9:425–30.
   Google Scholar
• Foong J, Maier M, Clark CA, Barker GJ, Miller DH, Ron MA. Neuropathological abnormalities of the corpus callosum in schiz- ophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:242–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agartz I, Andersson JL, Skare S. Abnormal brain white matter in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 2001;12:2251–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubicki M, Westin CF, Maier S, Frumin M, Nestor PG, Salisbury DF, et al. Uncinate fasciculus findings in schizophrenia: a mag- netic resonance diffusion tensor imaging study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:813–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Curran JG, Hauser P, Mintz J, Denicoff K, Post R. T2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: magnetic resonance im- aging comparison and literature meta-analysis. Am J Psychia- try 1995;152:1139–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore PB, Shepherd DJ, Eccleston D, Macmillan IC, Goswami U, McAllister VL, et al. Cerebral white matter lesions in bipolar affective disorder: relationship to outcome. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:172–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickie I, Scott E, Wilhelm K, Brodaty H. Subcortical hyperin- tensities on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe depression—a longitudinal evaluation. Biol Psychiatry 1997; 42:367–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman RK, Shin LM, Rauch SL. Investigating the pathogene- sis of posttraumatic stress disorder with neuroimaging. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62(suppl 17):47–54.
   Google Scholar
• Sakuma H, Nomura Y, Takeda K, Tagami T, Nakagawa T, Tam- agawa Y, et al. Adult and neonatal human brain: diffusional anisotropy and myelination with diffusion-weighted MR imag- ing. Radiology 1991;180:229–33.
   Google Scholar
• Neil JJ, Shiran SI, McKinstry RC, Schefft GL, Snyder AZ, Almli CR, et al. Normal brain in human newborns: apparent diffusion coefficient and diffusion anisotropy measured by using diffusion tensor MR imaging. Radiology 1998;209:57–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, Hedehus M, Lim KO, Adalsteinsson E, Moseley M. Age-related decline in brain white matter anisotropy measured with spatially corrected echo-planar diffu- sion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:259–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poupon C, Clark CA, Frouin V, Régis J, Bloch I, Le Bihan D, et al. Regularization of diffusion-based direction maps for the track- ing of brain white matter fascicles. Neuroimage 2000;12:184–95.
   Google Scholar
• Poupon C, Mangin J, Clark CA, Frouin V, Régis J, Le Bihan D, et al. Towards inference of human brain connectivity from MR dif- fusion tensor data. Med Image Anal 2001;5:1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Wiegell MR, Larsson HB, Wedeen VJ. Fiber crossing in human brain depicted with diffusion tensor MR imaging. Radiology 2000;217:897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basser PJ, Pajevic S, Pierpaoli C, Duda J, Aldroubi A. In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magn Reson Med 2000; 44:625–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulug AM, Van Zihl PC. Orientation-independent diffusion im- aging without tensor diagonalization: anisotropy definitions based on physical attributes of the diffusion ellipsoid. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;9:804–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shimony JS, McKinstry RC, Akbudak E, Aronovitz JA, Snyder AZ, Lori NF, et al. Quantitative diffusion-tensor anisotropy brain MR imaging: normative human data and anatomic analysis. Ra- diology 1999;212:770–84.
   Google Scholar
• Westin CF, Peled S, Gudbjartsson H, Kikinis R, Jolesz FA. Geo- metrical diffusion measures from tensor basis analysis [Ab- stract]. Proceedings of the Fifth Scientific Meeting of the Inter- national Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, April 1997:1742.
   Google Scholar
• Armitage PA, Bastin ME. Selecting an appropriate anisotropy index for displaying diffusion tensor imaging data with improved contrast and sensitivity. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:117–21.
   Google Scholar
• Jones DK, Lythgoe D, Horsfield MA, Simmons A, Williams SC, Markus HS. Characterization of white matter damage in is- chemic leukoaraiosis with diffusion tensor MRI. Stroke 1999; 30:393–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorensen AG, Wu O, Copen WA, Davis TL, Gonzalez RG, Ko- roshetz WJ, et al. Human acute cerebral ischemia: detection of changes in water diffusion anisotropy by using MR imaging. Ra- diology 1999;212:785–92.
   Google Scholar
• Jones DK, Dardis R, Ervine M, Horsfield MA, Jeffree M, Sim- mons A, et al. Cluster analysis of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images in human head injury. Neurosurgery 2000; 47:306–13.
   Google Scholar
• Bastin ME, Delgado M, Whittle IR, Cannon J, Wardlaw JM. The use of diffusion tensor imaging in quantifying the effect of dexamethasone on brain tumours. Neuroreport 1999;10:1385–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krakow K, Wieshmann UC, Woermann FG, Symms MR, McLean MA, Lemieux L, et al. Multimodal MR imaging: functional, dif- fusion tensor, and chemical shift imaging in a patient with localization-related epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40:1459–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson SH, Rugg-Gunn FJ, Symms MR, Barker GJ, Duncan JS. Diffusion tensor imaging in patients with epilepsy and mal- formations of cortical development. Brain 2001;124:617–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werring DJ, Clark CA, Barker GJ, Thompson AJ, Miller DH. Dif- fusion tensor imaging of lesions and normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1999;52:1626–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusbaum AO, Tang CY, Wei T, Buchsbaum MS, Atlas SW. Whole-brain diffusion MR histograms differ between MS subtypes. Neu- rology 2000;54:1421–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bammer R, Augustin M, Strasser-Fuchs S, Seifert T, Kapeller P, Stollberger R, et al. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging for characterizing diffuse and focal white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Magn Reson Med 2000;44:583–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel RM, Bastin ME, McConnell S, Marshall I, Cunningham- Owens DG, Lawrie SM, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in schizo- phrenic subjects and normal controls. Psychiatry Res 2001; 106:161–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito R, Melhem ER, Mori S, Eichler FS, Raymond GV, Moser HW. Diffusion tensor brain MR imaging in X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Neurology 2001;56:544–7.
   Google Scholar
• Klingberg T, Vaidya CJ, Gabrieli JD, Moseley ME, Hedehus M. Myelination and organization of the frontal white matter in children: a diffusion tensor MRI study. Neuroreport 1999;10:2817–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusbaum AO, Tang CY, Buchsbaum MS, Wei TC, Atlas SW. Re- gional and global changes in cerebral diffusion with normal ag- ing. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:136–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar