References
- Alexander , R.T. , Crouch , K. , Halstead , S. and Piachaud , J. 2006 . Long-term outcome from a medium secure service for people with intellectual disability . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 50 : 305 – 315 .
- American Psychiatric Association 2004 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 4th edn text revision) (DSM-IV-TR) Washington, DC APA
- Barron , P. , Hassiotis , A. and Banes , J. 2004 . Offenders with Intellectual Disability: A prospective comparative study . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 48 : 69 – 76 .
- Bonta , J. , Law , M. and Hanson , K. 1998 . The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders. A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 123 : 123 – 142 .
- Cohen , J. 1992 . A power primer . Psychological Bulletin , 112 : 155 – 159 .
- Copas , J. and Marshall , P. 1998 . The offender group reconviction scale: A statistical reconviction score for use by probation officers . Applied Statistics , 47 : 159 – 171 .
- Dawes R. M. Faust D. Meehl P. E. 1989 Clinical versus actuarial judgment Science 243 1668 1674
- French A. Brigden P. Noble S. 1995 Learning Disabled Offenders in Berkshire Research report on mentally disordered offenders & others requiring similar services (the Reed Committee) Centrally Assisted Initiatives. East Berkshire NHS Trust
- Gendreau , P. , Little , T. and Goggin , C. 1996 . A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism. What works! . Criminology , 34 : 575 – 607 .
- Gray , N.S. , Snowden , R.J. , MacCulloch , S. , Phillips , H. , Taylor , J. and MacCulloch , M.J. 2004 . Relative efficacy of criminological, clinical and personality measures of future risk of offending in mentally disordered offenders: A comparative study of the HCR-20, PCL-SV, and OGRS . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 72 : 523 – 530 .
- Gray , N.S. , Fitzgerald , S. , Taylor , J. and Snowden , R.J. 2007 . Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL-SV and the HCR-20 . Psychological Assessment , 19 : 474 – 479 .
- Green , G. , Gray , N.S. and Wilner , P. 2002 . Factors associated with criminal convictions for sexually inappropriate behaviour in men with learning disabilities . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 13 : 578 – 599 .
- Green , D.M. and Swets , J.A. 1996 . Signal detection theory and psychophysics , New York : John Wiley .
- Gudjonsson G.H. Clare I.C.H. Rutter S. Pearse J. 1993 Persons at risk during interviews whilst in police custody: The identification of vulnerabilities Royal Commission on Criminal Justice Research Study No. 12., HMSO, London
- Hanson , R.K. and Harris , A.J.R. 2000 . Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual offence recidivism . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 27 : 6 – 35 .
- Hare , R.D. 1991 . The Psychopathy Checklist – Revised , Toronto, Onatario, , Canada : Multi-Health Systems .
- Hare , R.D. 2003 . The Psychopathy Checklist – Revised 2nd Edition , Toronto, Ontario, , Canada : Multi-Health Systems .
- Harris , G.T. , Rice , M.E. and Quinsey , V.L. 1993 . Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 20 : 315 – 335 .
- Hart , S.D. , Cox , D.N. and Hare , R.D. 1995 . The Psychopathy Checklist – Screening Version (PCL-SV) , Toronto, Ontario, Canada : Multi-Health Systems .
- Holland , T. , Clare , I.C.H. and Mukhopadhyay , T. 2002 . Prevalence of ‘criminal offending’ by men and women with intellectual disability and the characteristics of ‘offenders’: Implications for research and service development . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 46 : 6 – 20 .
- HOOI 2001 [Data file]. Home Office Offenders Index London, , UK Home Office: Research, Development, Statistics
- Johnston , S. 2002 . Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: The evidence base . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 46 : 47 – 56 .
- Lindsay , W.R. and Beail , N. 2004 . Risk assessment: Actuarial prediction and clinical judgement of offending incidents and behaviour for intellectual disability services . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 17 : 229 – 234 .
- Lindsay , W.R. , Elliott , S.F. and Astell , A. 2004 . Predictors of sexual offence recidivism in offenders with intellectual disabilities . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 17 : 299 – 305 .
- Lindsay , W.R. , Hogue , T.E. , Taylor , J.L. , Steptoe , L. , Mooney , P. O'Brien , G. 2008 . Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability . International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology , 52 : 90 – 111 .
- Lund , J. 1990 . Mentally retarded criminal offenders in Denmark . British Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 726 – 731 .
- Lyall , I. , Holland , A.J. , Collins , S. and Styles , P. 1995 . Offending by adults with learning disabilities: Identifying need in one health district . Mental Handicap Research , 8 : 99 – 109 .
- McBrien , J. 2003 . The intellectually disabled offender: Methodological problems in identification . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 16 : 95 – 105 .
- McBrien , J. , Hodgetts , A. and Gregory , J. 2003 . Offending and risky behaviour in community services for people with intellectual disabilities in one local authority . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , 14 : 280 – 297 .
- McMillan , D. , Hastings , R. and Coldwell , J. 2004 . Clinical and actuarial prediction of physical violence in a forensic intellectual disability hospital: A longitudinal study . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 17 : 255 – 265 .
- McNulty , C. , Kissi-Deborah , R. and Newsom-Davies , I. 1995 . Policed involvement with clients having intellectual disabilities: A pilot studying south London . Mental Handicap Research , 8 : 129 – 136 .
- Monahan , J. 1981 . The clinical prediction of violent behaviour , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
- Monahan , J. 1984 . The prediction of violent behaviour: Toward a second generation of theory and policy . American Journal of Psychiatry , 141 : 10 – 15 .
- Monahan , J. 1988 . Risk assessment of violence among the mentally disordered: Generating useful knowledge . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 11 : 249 – 257 .
- Morrissey , C. , Hogue , T.E. , Mooney , P. , Lindsay , W.R. , Steptoe , L. , Taylor , J. and Johnston , S. 2005 . Applicability, reliability and validity of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised in offenders with intellectual disabilities: Some initial findings . International Journal of Forensic Mental Health , 4 : 207 – 220 .
- Morrissey , C. , Hogue , T. , Mooney , P. , Allen , C. , Johnston , S. Hollin , C. 2007a . Predictive validity of the PCL-R in offenders with intellectual disability in a high secure hospital setting: Institutional aggression . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , 18 : 1 – 15 .
- Morrissey , C. , Hogue , T. , Mooney , P. , Johnston , S. , Lindsay , W.R. and Taylor , J.L. 2007b . Predictive validity of psychopathy in offenders with intellectual disability in high security: Treatment progress . The Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability , 32 : 125 – 133 .
- Mossman , D. 1994 . Assessing predictions of violence: Being accurate about accuracy . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 783 – 792 .
- Murphy , G.H. , Harnett , H. and Holland , A.J. 1995 . A survey of intellectual disabilities amongst men on remand in prison . Mental Handicap Research , 8 : 81 – 98 .
- Newcombe , R. 2006 . Confidence intervals for an effect size measure based on the Mann–Whitney statistic. Part 1: General issues and tail-area-based methods . Statistics in Medicine , 25 : 543 – 557 .
- Phillips , H.K. , Gray , N.S. , MacCulloch , S.I. , Taylor , J. , Moore , S.C. Huckle , P. 2005 . Risk assessment in offenders with mental disorders . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 20 : 833 – 847 .
- Puri , B.K. , Lekh , S.K. and Treasaden , I.H. 2000 . A comparison of patients admitted to two medium secure units, one for those of normal intelligence and one for those with learning disability . International Journal of Clinical Practice , 54 : 300 – 305 .
- Quinsey , V.L. , Book , A. and Skilling , T.A. 2004 . A follow-up of deinstitutionalised men with intellectual disabilities and histories of antisocial behaviour . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 17 : 243 – 253 .
- Rice , M.E. and Harris , G.T. 2005 . Comparing effect sizes in follow-up studies: ROC area, Cohen's d, and r . Law and Human Behavior , 29 : 615 – 620 .
- Rosenthal R. 1991 Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research Revised Edition London Sage Publications
- Snowden , R.J. , Gray , N.S. , Taylor , J. and MacCulloch , M.J. 2007 . Actuarial prediction of violent recidivism in mentally disordered offenders . Psychological Medicine , 37 : 1539 – 1549 .
- Swets , J. A. 1988 . Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems . Science , 240 : 1285 – 1293 .
- Taylor R 1999 Predicting Reconvictions for Sexual and Violent Offences using the Revised Offender Group Reconviction Scale Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate, Research findings no. 104 (www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/rf1999.html)
- Turner , S. 2000 . Forensic risk assessment in intellectual disabilities: The evidence base and current practice in one English region . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 13 : 239 – 255 .
- Webster , C.D. , Douglas , K.S. , Eaves , D. and Hart , S.D. 1997 . HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence (Version 2) , Vancouver, British Columbia, , Canada : Simon Fraser University .
- Winter , N. , Holland , A.J. and Collins , S. 1997 . Factors predisposing to suspected offending by adults with self-reported learning disabilities . Psychological Medicine , 27 : 595 – 607 .
- Woods , P. and Mason , T. 1998 . Mental impairment and admission to a Special hospital . British Journal of Developmental Disabilities , 44 : 119 – 131 .
- World Health Organization . 1992 . ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical conditions and Diagnostic Guidelines , Geneva : WHO .