Desistance and dynamic risk factors belong together

References

• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th ed.). Newark, NJ: Matthew Bender.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Hoge, R. D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17, 19–52. doi: 10.1177/0093854890017001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beech, A. R., & Ward, T. (2004). The integration of etiology and risk in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 31–63. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2003.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett, R. (1992). The dynamics of recidivism. Oxford: University of Oxford Centre for Criminological Research.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, R. (2000). Understanding criminal careers through a series of in-depth interviews. Offender Program Report, 4(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, R. (2004). To reoffend or not to reoffend? The ambivalence of convicted property offenders. In S. Maruna, & R. Immarigeon (Eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration (pp. 152–180). Cullumpton: Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Bushway, S., Piquero, A. R., Mazerolle, P., Broidy, L., & Cauffman, E. (2001). An empirical framework for studying desistance as a process*. Criminology, 39, 491–516. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00931.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407–428. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. (2007). Origins of violent behavior over the life span. In D. J. Flannery, A. T. Vazsonyi, & I. D. Waldman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression (pp. 19–48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fortune, C. A., & Ward, T. (2013). The rehabilitation of offenders: Striving for good lives, desistance, and risk reduction. I. In J. Helfgott (Ed.), Criminal psychology volume 4 (Vol. 19, pp. 147–173). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 990–1064. doi: 10.1086/343191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göbbels, S., Ward, T., & Willis, G. M. (2012). An integrative theory of desistance from sex offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 453–462. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2012.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (2000). Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual offence recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 6–35. doi: 10.1177/0093854800027001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, G. T., & Rice, M. E. (2015). Progress in violence risk assessment and communication:Hypothesis versus evidence. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 33, 128–145. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy, D. (2010). The dynamics of desistance: Charting pathways through change. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Heffernan, R., & Ward, T. (in press). The conceptualization of dynamic risk factors in child sex offenders: An agency model. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 24, 250–260. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, S. (2014). Desistance transitions and the impact of probation. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Klooster, J. van't. (2011). Development of violence across the lifespan: A preliminary model (Master's thesis). Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1996
   Google Scholar
• Kroner, D. G., & Yessine, A. K. (2013). Changing risk factors that impact recidivism: In search of mechanisms of change. Law and Human Behavior, 37, 321–336. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laws, D. R. (Ed.). (1989). Relapse prevention with sex offenders. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Laws, D. R., & Ward, T. (2011). Desistance from sex offending: Alternatives to throwing away the keys. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• LeBel, Thomas P., Burnett, Ros, Maruna, Shadd, & Bushway, Shawn. (2008). The ‘chicken and egg’ of subjective and social factors in desistance from crime. European Journal of Criminology, 5, 131–159. doi: 10.1177/1477370807087640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibrich, J. (1993). Straight to the point: Angles on giving up crime. Dunedin: University of Otago/Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Lösel, F., & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 43(2S1), S8–S23. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Maruna, S., & Farrall, S. (2004). Desistance from crime: A theoretical reformulation. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozial Psychologie, 42, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• McNeill, F. (2012). Four forms of “offender” rehabilitation: Towards an interdisciplinary perspective. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 17, 18–36. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02039.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeill, F., Farrall, S., Lightowler, C., & Maruna, S. (2012). Reexamining evidence-based practice in community corrections: Beyond “a confined view” of what works. Justice Research and Policy, 14, 35–60. doi: 10.3818/JRP.14.1.2012.35
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., … Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 2693–2698. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010076108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002). Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 179–207. doi: 10.1017/S0954579402001104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadesu, A. (2007). Reconviction patterns of released prisoners: A 36-months follow-up analysis. Wellington: Department of Corrections Policy Development ( unpublished report).
   Google Scholar
• Nunes, K. L., Hermann, C. A., Maimone, S., & Woods, M. (2014). Thinking clearly about violent cognitions: Attitudes may be distinct from other cognitions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38, 1322–1347.
   Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R. (2004). Somewhere between persistence and desistance: The intermittency of criminal careers. In S. Maruna, & R. Immarigeon (Eds.), After crime and punishment: Pathways to offender reintegration (pp. 102–125). Cullompton: Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L. (2012). An appraisal of the risk-need-responsivity model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17, 1–17. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02038.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015a, June). Reintegration, rehabilitation, or both? Unpacking factors that contribute to community outcomes for high risk violent offenders. Paper presented at the Keynote address at the Third North American Corrections and Criminal Justice Psychology Conference, June 5 2015, Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015b). Violence risk scale validation project: Summary report. Wellington, NZ: Unpublished report for the Office of the Chief Psychologist, Department of Corrections.
   Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L., Bell, R. K., Casey, A. R., Dickson, S. R., & Yesberg, J. A. (2014). New Zealand Parole Project. Unpublished raw data, Victoria University of Wellington.
   Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L., & Kilgour, T. G. (2013). New Zealand's special treatment units: The development and implementation of intensive treatment for high-risk male prisoners. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19, 511–526. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2013.759004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L., & Yesberg, J. A. (2015). Desistance in high-risk prisoners: Pre-release self-reported desistance commitment and perceptions of change predict 12-month survival. Practice: The New Zealand Corrections Journal, 3(1), 24–29.
   Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L., Yesberg, J. A., & Chauhan, P. (in press). Surviving the first year: An integrated examination of potential mechanisms for successful re-entry in high-risk treated and comparison prisoners on parole ( Manuscript under review).
   Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611. doi: 10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C. (2007). The dynamic risk assessment for offender re-entry (DRAOR). Ontario: Carleton University ( Unpublished User Manual).
   Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C., & Lloyd, C. D. (2009). Examining the process of offender change: The transition to crime desistance. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(4), 347–364. doi: 10.1080/10683160802261078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C., Lloyd, C. D., Helmus, L., Derkzen, D. M., & Luong, D. (2013). Does intra-individual change predict offender recidivism? Searching for the holy grail in assessing offender change. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 18, 32–53. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2012.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C., Mailloux, D. L., & Wilson, N. J. (2012). The dynamic risk assessment for offender re-entry (DRAOR), New Zealand adaptation ( Unpublished user manual). Ottawa: Carleton University.
   Google Scholar
• Uggen, C., & Piliavin, I. (1998). Asymmetrical causation and criminal desistance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1399–1422. doi: 10.2307/1144260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullrich, S., & Coid, J. W. (2011). Protective factors for violence among released prisoners – effects over time and interactions with static risk. Journal Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 381–390. doi: 10.1037/a0023613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, V. de, Ruiter, C. de, Bouman, Y., & Vries Robbé, M. de. (2012). Structured assessment of protective factors for violence risk. Utrecht: Van Der Hoeven Stichting.
   Google Scholar
• Vries Robbé, M. de, & Vogel, V. de. (2011). Protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatric patients: A retrospective validation study of the SAPROF. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10, 178–186. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2011.600232
   Google Scholar
• Vries Robbé, M. de, & Vogel, V. de. (2013). Protective factors for violence risk: Bringing balance to risk assessment and management. In C. Logan, & L. Johnstone (Eds.), Managing clinical risk: A guide to effective practice (pp. 293–310). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, T. (2015). Dynamic risk factors: Scientific kinds or predictive constructs. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 22(1–2), 2–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward, T., & Beech, A. R. (2015). Dynamic risk factors: A theoretical dead-end? Psychology, Crime & Law, 21(2), 100–113. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2014.917854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Gannon, T. A. (2006). Rehabilitation, etiology, and self-regulation: The comprehensive good lives model of treatment for sexual offenders. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 77–94. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2005.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., Melser, J., & Yates, P. M. (2007). Reconstructing the risk, need, responsivity model: A theoretical elaboration and evaluation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 208–228. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2006.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Beech, A. R. (2006). Theories of sexual offending. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Nicholls, T. L., Martin, M., Desmarais, S. L., & Brink, X. (2006). Short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START): The case for a new structured professional judgment scheme. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 24, 747–766. doi: 10.1002/bsl.737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldgabreal, Y., Day, A., & Ward, T. (in press). Linking positive psychology to offender supervision outcomes: The mediating role of psychological flexibility, general self-efficacy, optimism, and hope. Criminal Justice and Behavior, ( Manuscript under review).
   Google Scholar
• Wong, S., & Gordon, A. (2000). Violence Risk Scale. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan.
   Google Scholar
• Wortley, R. K. (2008). Situational precipitators of crime. In R. K. Wortley, & L. Mazerolle (Eds.), Environmental criminology and crime analysis (pp. 48–69). Cullompton: Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Yesberg, J. A., & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015). Assessing dynamic risk and protective factors in the community: Examining the validity of the dynamic risk assessment for offender Re-entry. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21, 80–99. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2014.935775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar