1,159
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The use and efficacy of question type and an attentive interviewing style in adult rape interviews

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 656-677 | Received 17 Feb 2020, Accepted 05 Sep 2020, Published online: 26 Nov 2020

References

  • ACPO. (2004). Management of volume crime. National Centre for Policing Excellence.
  • Aldridge, J., & Cameron, S. (1999). Interviewing child witnesses: Questioning techniques and the role of training. Applied Developmental Science, 3(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0302_7
  • Alison, L. J., Alison, E., Noone, G., Elntib, S., & Christiansen, P. (2013). Why tough tactics fail and rapport gets results: Observing rapport-based interpersonal techniques (ORBIT) to generate useful information from terrorists. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(4), 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034564
  • Alison, L., Giles, S., & McGuire, G. (2015). Blood from a stone: Why rapport works and torture doesn’t in ‘enhanced’ interrogations. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice: Special Issue, 7, 5–23.
  • The Army Field Manual. (2006). Human intelligence collector operations (Field Manual 2-22.3). Department of the Army.
  • Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). Zero degrees of empathy: A new theory of human cruelty. Penguin Books.
  • Barone, D. F., Hutchings, P. S., Kimmel, H. J., Traub, H. L., Cooper, J. T., & Marshall, C. M. (2005). Increasing empathic accuracy through practice and feedback in a clinical interviewing course. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.2.156.62275
  • Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1981). The empathy cycle: Refinement of a nuclear concept. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 28(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.28.2.91
  • Bedi, R. P., Davis, M. D., & Williams, M. (2005). Critical incidents in the formation of the therapeutic alliance from the client’s perspective. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42(3), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.42.3.311
  • Benneworth, K. (2007). Repertoires of paedophilia: Conflicting descriptions of adult-child sexual relationships in the investigative interview. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 13(2), 189–211. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.2006.13.2.189
  • Brown, J., & King, J. (1998). Gender differences in police officers attitudes towards rape: Results of an exploratory study. Psychology, Crime & Law, 4(4), 265-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683169808401760
  • Bull, R., & Cherryman, J. (1995). Identifying skills gaps in specialist investigative interviewing. Home Office.
  • Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
  • Campbell, R. (2006). Rape survivors’ experiences with the legal and medical systems: Do rape victim advocates make a difference? Violence Against Women, 12(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077801205277539
  • Campbell, R. (2008). The psychological impact of rape victims’ experiences with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. American Psychologist, 63(8), 702–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.702
  • Campbell, R., & Raja, S. (2005). The sexual assault and secondary victimization of female veterans: Help-seeking experiences with military and civilian social systems. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.2005.00171.x
  • Campbell, R., Wasco, S., Ahrens, C., Sefl, T., & Barnes, H. (2001). Preventing the “second rape”: rape survivors’ experiences with community service providers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(12), 1239–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626001016012002
  • Caringella, S. (2009). Addressing rape reform in law and practice. Columbia University Press.
  • Cederborg, A. C., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Investigative interviews of child witnesses in Sweden. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24(10), 1355–1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00183-6
  • Central Planning and Training Unit. (1992). The interviewer’s rule book. CPTU.
  • Chen, Y., & Ullman, S. E. (2010). Women’s reporting of sexual and physical assaults to police in the National Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women, 16(3), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209360861
  • Cherryman, J., & Bull, R. (2001). Police officers’ perceptions of specialist investigative interviewing skills. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 3, 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F146135570100300302
  • Clarke, C., & Milne, R. (2001). National evaluation of the PEACE investigative interviewing course. Police Research Award Scheme Report PRAS/149.
  • Clarke, C., Milne, R., & Bull, R. (2011). Interviewing suspects of crime: The impact of PEACE training, supervision and the presence of a legal advisor. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.144
  • Dando, C., & Oxburgh, G. E. (2015). Empathy in the field: Towards a taxonomy of empathic communication in information gathering interview with suspected sex offenders. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.10.001
  • Dando, C., Wilcock, R., & Milne, R. (2008). The cognitive interview: Inexperienced officers’ perceptions of their witness/victim interviewing practices. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 13(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532506X162498
  • Darwinkel, E., Powell, M., & Sharman, S. J. (2015). Police and prosecutors’ perceptions of adult sexual assault evidence associated with case authorisation and conviction. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30(4), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-015-9162-9
  • Darwinkel, E., Powell, M., & Tidmarsh, P. (2013a). Improving police officers’ perceptions of sexual offending through intensive training. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 40(8), 895–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854813475348
  • Darwinkel, E., Powell, M., & Tidmarsh, P. (2013b). Prosecutors’ perceptions of the utility of ‘relationship’ evidence in sexual abuse trials. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 47(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004865813497733
  • Davies, G. M., Westcott, H. L., & Horan, N. (2000). The impact of questioning style on the content of investigative interviews with suspected child sexual abuse victims. Psychology, Crime & Law,, 6(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160008410834
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
  • Dent, H. R. (1982). The effects of interviewing strategies on the results of interviews with child witnesses. In A. Trankell (Ed.), Reconstructing the past (pp. 279–298). Kluwer.
  • Dent, H. R. (1986). An experimental study of the effectiveness of different techniques of questioning mentally handicapped child witnesses. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00666.x
  • Dent, H. R., & Stephenson, G. M. (1979). An experimental study of the effectiveness of different techniques of questioning child witnesses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00302.x
  • Dickson, D., & Hargie, O. (2006). Questioning. In O. Hargie (Ed.), The handbook of communication skills (pp. 121–145). Routledge.
  • Feldman-Summers, S., & Palmer, G. C. (1980). Rape as viewed by judges, prosecutors, and police officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 7(1), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/009385488000700103
  • Felson, R. B., & Pare, P. P. (2008). Gender and the victim’s experience with the criminal justice system. Social Science Research, 37(1), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.06.014
  • Fiengo, R. (2007). Asking questions: Using meaningful structures to imply ignorance. Oxford University Press.
  • Frohmann, L. (2002). Sexual assault. In E. Rubington, & M. Weinberg (Eds.), Deviance: The interactionist perspective (8th ed., pp. 167–178). Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gladstein, G. A. (1983). Understanding empathy: Integrating counselling, developmental and social psychology perspectives. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 30(4), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.30.4.467
  • Gudjonsson, G. H., & Pearse, J. (2011). Suspect interviews and false confessions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410396824
  • Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC)/Her Majesty’s Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate (HMCPSI). (2007). Without consent: A report on the joint review of the investigation and prosecution of rape offences. Home Office.
  • Holmberg, U., & Christianson, S. (2002). Murderers’ and sexual offenders experiences of police interviews and their inclination to admit or deny crimes. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 20(1-2), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.470
  • Holmberg, U., & Madsen, K. (2014). Rapport operationalized as a humanitarian interview in investigative interview settings. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(4), 591–610. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2013.873975
  • Home Office. (1986). Circular 69/1986; New policing responses to crimes against women and children.
  • Hutcheson, G. D., Baxter, J. S., Telfer, K., & Warden, D. (1995). Child witness statement quality: Question type and errors of omission. Law and Human Behavior, 19(6), 631–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01499378
  • Jansen, R., Lakens, D., & Ijsselsteijn, W. (2017). An integrative review of the cognitive costs and benefits of note-taking. Educational Research Review, 22, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2017.10.001
  • Jordan, J. (2001). Worlds apart? Women, rape, and the police reporting process. British Journal of Criminology, 41(4), 679–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/41.4.679
  • Jordan, J. (2004). Beyond belief? Police, rape and women’s credibility. Criminal Justice, 4(1), 29–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466802504042222
  • Jordan, J. (2008). Perfect victims, perfect policing? Improving rape complainants’ experiences of police investigations. Public Administrations, 86(3), 699–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.00749.x
  • Kebbell, M., Hurren, E. J., & Mazerolle, P. (2006). Sex offenders’ perceptions of how they were interviewed. Canadian Journal of Police & Security Services, 4, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160801950523
  • Kebbell, M., & Milne, R. (1998). Police officers perceptions of eyewitness factors in forensic investigations. Journal of Social Psychology, 138(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224549809600384
  • Kelly, L., Lovett, J., & Regan, l. (2005). A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases (Home Office Research Study 293). Home Office.
  • Lamb, M. E., & Fauchier, A. (2001). The effects of question type on self-contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews. Applied Cognitive Development, 15(5), 483–491. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.726
  • Larcombe, W. (2002). The “ideal” victim v. successful rape complainants: Not what you might expect. Feminist Legal Studies, 10(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016060424945
  • Lee, S., & Kim, J. (2020). Rapport quality in investigative interviews: Effects on open-ended questions and free recall responses. Police, Practice and Research, https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2020.1786691
  • Lees, S. (2002). Carnal knowledge: Rape on trial (2nd ed.). The Women’s Press.
  • Loftus, E. (1982). Interrogating eyewitnesses – good questions and bad. In R. Hogarth (Ed.), Question framing and response consistency (pp. 51–63). Josey-Bass.
  • Logan, T. K., Evans, L., Stevenson, E., & Jordan, C. E. (2005). Barriers to services for rural and urban survivors of rape. Journal or Interpersonal Violence, 26, 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260504272899
  • Marshall, W. L. (2001). Adult sexual offenders against women. In C. R. Hollin (Ed.), Handbook of offender assessment and treatment (pp. 333–348). Wiley.
  • McGee, H., O’Higgins, M., Garavan, R., & Conroy, R. (2011). Rape and child sexual abuse: What beliefs persist about motives, perpetrators and survivors? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(17), 3580–3593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511403762
  • Milne, R., & Bull, R. (1999). Investigative interviewing: Psychology and practice. Wiley.
  • Milne, R., & Bull, R. (2006). Interviewing victims of crime, including children and people with intellectual difficulties. In M. R. Kebbell & G. M. Davies (Eds.), Practical psychology for forensic investigations (pp. 8–23). Wiley.
  • Ministry of Justice (MoJ). (2011). Achieving best evidence in criminal proceedings: Guidance on interviewing victims and witnesses and using special measures. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.
  • Monroe, L. M., Kinney, L. M., Weist, M. D., Dafeamekpor, D. S., Dantzler, J., & Reynolds, M. W. (2005). The experience of sexual assault: Findings from a statewide victim needs assessment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(7), 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260505277100
  • Myklebust, T., & Bjørklund, R. A. (2006). The effect of long-term training on police officers’ use of open and closed questions in field investigative interviews of children (FIIC). International Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 3(3), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.52
  • Myklebust, T., & Bjørklund, R. A. (2009). The child verbal competence effect in court: A comparative study of field investigative interviews of children in child sexual abuse cases. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 6(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.97
  • National Crime Faculty. (2000). A practical guide to investigative interviewing. National Police Training College.
  • Newberry, J. J., & Stubbs, C. A. (1990). Advanced interviewing techniques. Bureau of Alcohol and Tobacco and Firearms National Academy.
  • Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
  • Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. E. (2001). The relation- ship between within-interview contradictions and eliciting interviewer utterances. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25(3), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00254-4
  • Oxburgh, G. E. (2011). Developing a more effective framework for the investigative interviewing of suspected sex offenders. University of Portsmouth. 57.
  • Oxburgh, G., Myklebust, T., & Grant, T. (2010). The question of question types in police interviews: A review of the literature from a psychological and linguistic perspective. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, 17(1), 45–66. https://doi.org/10.1558/ijsll.v17i1.45
  • Oxburgh, G. E., & Ost, J. (2011). The use and efficacy of empathy in police interviews with suspects of sexual offences. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 178–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.143
  • Oxburgh, G. E., Ost, J., & Cherryman, J. (2012). Police interviews with suspected child sex offenders: Does use of empathy and question type influence the amount of investigation relevant information obtained? Psychology, Crime and Law, 18(3), 259–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2010.481624
  • Oxburgh, G. E., Ost, J., Morris, P., & Cherryman, J. (2013). The impact of question type and empathy on police interviews with suspects of homicide, filicide and child sexual abuse. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 21(6), 903–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2014.918078
  • Oxburgh, G. E., Ost, J., Morris, P., & Cherryman, J. (2015). Police officers’ perceptions of interviews in cases of sexual offences and murder involving children and adult victims. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 16(1), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.849595
  • Oxburgh, G. E., Williamson, T. A., & Ost, J. (2006). Police officers’ use of negative emotional language during child sexual abuse investigations. International Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 3(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.41
  • Page, A. D. (2007). Behind the blue line: Investigating police officer’s attitudes toward rape. Journal of Policing and Criminal Psychology, 22(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-007-9002-7
  • Page, A. D. (2008a). Gateway to reform? Policy implications of police officers’ attitudes toward rape. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-007-9024-9
  • Page, A. D. (2008b). Judging women and defining crime: Police officers’ attitudes toward women and rape. Sociological Spectrum, 28(4), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170802053621
  • Patterson, D. (2011). The linkage between secondary victimization by law enforcement and rape case outcomes. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(2), 328–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510362889
  • Patterson, D. (2012). The impact of detectives’ manner of questioning on rape victims’ disclosure. Violence Against Women, 17(11), 1349–1373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211434725
  • Poole, D. A., & Lamb, M. E. (1998). Investigative interviews of children: A guide for helping professionals. American Psychological Association.
  • Preston, S. D., & de Waal, B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018
  • St-Yves, M. (2006). The psychology of rapport: Five basic rules. In T. Williamson (Ed.), Investigative interviewing: Rights, research, regulation (pp. 87–106). Willan.
  • Stanko, B., & Williams, E. (2009). Reviewing rape and rape allegations in London: What are the vulnerabilities of the victims who report to the police? In M. Horvath, & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 207–225). Willan.
  • Stern, V. (2010). The Stern review of rape reporting. Home Office.
  • Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503
  • Tickle-Degnen, L., & Rosenthal, R. (1990). The nature of rapport and its nonverbal correlates. Psychological Inquiry, 1(4), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0104_1
  • Tidmarsh, P., Powell, M. B., & Darwinkel, E. (2012). “Whole story”: A new framework for conducting investigative interviews about sexual assault. Investigative Interviewing: Research and Practice, 4, 33–44.
  • Ullman, S. E., & Townsend, S. M. (2007). Barriers to working with sexual assault survivors: A qualitative study of rape crisis center workers. Violence Against Women, 13(4), 412–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801207299191
  • Vanderhallen, M., Vervaeke, G., & Holmberg, U. (2011). Witness and suspect perceptions of working alliance and interviewing style what happens in real life police interviews? Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 8(2), 110–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.138
  • Webster, W., & Oxburgh, G. E. (2020). Victims of sexual offences: Factors affecting participation, co-operation and engagement with the interview process [Manuscript in preparation]. University of Sunderland.
  • Webster, W., Oxburgh, G. E., & Dando, C. J. (2020). Police perceptions of interviewing sexual offence victims: Understanding the impact of rapport and empathy [Manuscript in preparation]. University of Sunderland.
  • Woodhams, J., Hollin, C. R., Bull, R., & Cooke, C. (2012). Behavior displayed by female victims during rapes committed by lone and multiple perpetrators. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 18(3), 415–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026134
  • Wright, R., & Powell, M. B. (2006). Investigative interviewers’ perceptions of their difficulty to adhere to open-ended questions with child witnesses. International Journal of Police Science and Management, 8, 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1350%2Fijps.2006.8.4.316

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.