References
- Abbe, A., & Brandon, S. E. (2013). The role of rapport in investigative interviewing: A review. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 10(3), 237–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1386
- Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 203–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.203
- Benenson, J. F., Nicholson, C., Waite, A., Roy, R., & Simpson, A. (2001). The influence of group size on children’s competitive behavior. Child Development, 72(3), 921–928. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00324
- Berg, R., Munthe-Kaas, H. M., Baiju, N., Muller, A. E., & Brurberg, K. G. (2019). The accuracy of using open-ended questions in structured conversations with children: A systematic review. Report: Norwegian Institute of Public Health.
- Beuscher, E., & Roebers, C. M. (2005). Does a warning help children to more accurately remember an event, to resist misleading questions, and to identify unanswerable questions? Experimental Psychology, 52(3), 232–241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.232
- Bjorklund, D. F., Cassel, W. S., Bjorklund, B. R., Brown, R. D., Park, C. L., Ernst, K., & Owen, F. A. (2000). Social demand characteristics in children’s and adults’ eyewitness memory and suggestibility: The effect of different interviewers on free recall and recognition. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14(5), 421–433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0720(200009)14:5<421::AID-ACP659>3.0.CO;2-4
- Blasbalg, U., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Karni-Visel, Y., & Ahern, E. C. (2019). Is interviewer support associated with the reduced reluctance and enhanced informativeness of alleged child abuse victims? Law and Human Behavior, 43(2), 156–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000303
- Brown, D. A., & Lamb, M. E. (2015). Can children be useful witnesses? It depends how they are questioned. Child Development Perspectives, 9(4), 250–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12142
- Brubacher, S. P., Poole, D. A., & Dickinson, J. J. (2015). The use of ground rules in investigative interviews with children: A synthesis and call for research. Developmental Review, 36, 15–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.001
- Buckner, J. P., & Fivush, R. (1998). Gender and self in children's autobiographical narratives. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12(4), 407–429. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199808)12:4<407::AID-ACP575>3.0.CO;2-7
- Cao, Y., & Philp, J. (2006). Interactional context and willingness to communicate: A comparison of behavior in whole class, group and dyadic interaction. System, 34(4), 480–493. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2006.05.002
- Cederborg, A.-C., Orbach, Y., Sternberg, K. J., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Investigative interviews of child witnesses in Sweden. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(10), 1355–1361. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00183-6
- Childs, C., & Walsh, D. (2017). Self-disclosure and self-deprecating self-reference: Conversational practices of personalization in police interviews with children reporting alleged sexual offences. Journal of Pragmatics, 121, 188–201. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.10.013
- Cutshall, J., & Yuille, J. C. (1989). Field studies of eyewitness memory of actual crimes. In D. C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence (pp. 97–124). Springer.
- Davis, P. J. (1999). Gender differences in autobiographical memory for childhood emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 498–510. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.498
- Driskell, T., Blickensderfer, E. L., & Salas, E. (2013). Is three a crowd? Examining rapport in investigative interviews. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029686
- Ely, R., & Ryan, E. (2008). Remembering talk: Individual and gender differences in reported speech. Memory (Hove, England), 16(4), 395–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210801949869
- Ferra, F. (2017). Police interviews with children in Greece (Unpublished PhD Thesis), University of Sheffield, Sheffield: UK.
- Fritzley, V. H., Lindsay, R. C. L., & Lee, K. (2013). Young children's response tendencies toward yes-no questions concerning actions. Child Development, 84(2), 711–725. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12006
- Gutchess, A. H., & Indeck, A. (2009). Cultural influences on memory. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 137–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17809-3
- Hershkowitz, I., Horowitz, D., & Lamb, M. E. (2005). Trends in children's disclosure of abuse in Israel: A national study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(11), 1203–1214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.008
- Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M., Katz, C., & Malloy, L. (2015). Does enhanced rapport-building alter the dynamics of investigative interviews with suspected victims of intra-familial abuse? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-013-9136-8.
- Hershkowitz, I., Lanes, O., & Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.09.004
- Hughes-Scholes, C., & Powell, H., & B, M. (2008). An examination of the types of leading questions used by investigative interviewers of children. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 31(2), 210–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510810878695
- Ketay, S., Aron, A., & Hedden, T. (2009). Culture and attention: Evidence from brain and behavior. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 79–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17806-8
- Kieckhaefer, J. M., Vallano, J. P., & Schreiber Compo, N. (2014). Examining the positive effects of rapport building: When and why does rapport building benefit adult eyewitness memory? Memory (Hove, England), 22(8), 1010–1023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.864313
- Krahenbuhl, S., & Blades, M. (2006). The effect of question repetition within interviews on young children's eyewitness recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 94(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2005.12.002
- Krahenbuhl, S., Blades, M., & Westcott, H. (2010). ‘What else should I say?’ An analysis of the question repetition practiced in police interviews of 4-11-year-olds. Police Practice and Research, 11(6), 477–490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2010.497346
- Kyriakidou, M., Blades, M., & Carroll, D. (2014). Inconsistent findings for the eyes closed effect in children: The implications for interviewing child witnesses. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00448
- La Macchia, S. T., Louis, W. R., Hornsey, M. J., & Leonardelli, G,J. (2016). In small we trust: Lay theories about small and large groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(10), 1321–1334. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216657360
- Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Orbach, Y., & Esplin, P. W. (2008). Tell me what happened: Structured investigative interviews of child victims and witnesses. Wiley. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470773291
- Lamb, M. E., Hershkowitz, I., Sternberg, K. J., Boat, B., & Everson, M. D. (1996). Investigative interviews of alleged sexual abuse victims with and without anatomical dolls. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(12), 1239–1247.
- Lamb, M. E., La Rooy, D. J., Malloy, L. C., & Katz, C. (2011). Appendix: The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol: Interview guide. In M. E. Lamb, D. J. La Rooy, L. C. Malloy, & C. Katz (Eds.), Children's testimony: A handbook of psychological research and forensic practice (2nd edition) (pp. 431–448). Wiley.
- La Rooy, D., Brubacher, S. P., Aromäki-Stratos, A., Cyr, M., Hershkowitz, I., … Lamb, M. E. (2015). The NICHD protocol: A review of an internationally-used evidence-based tool for training child forensic interviewers. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice, 1(2), 76–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRPP-01-2015-0001
- Leander, L. (2010). Police interviews with child sexual abuse victims: Patterns of reporting, avoidance and denial. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(3), 192–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.011
- Magnusson, M., Ernberg, E., Landström, S., & Akehurst, L. (2020). Forensic interviewers’ experiences of interviewing children of different ages. Psychology, Crime & Law, 26(10), 967–989. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1742343
- McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1991). Willingness to communicate: A cognitive view. In M. Booth Butterfield (Ed.), Communication, cognition, and anxiety (pp. 19–37). Sage.
- Ministry of Justice. (2011). Achieving best evidence in criminal proceedings: Guidance on interviewing victims and witnesses, and guidance on using special measures. Crown. Retrieved April 5, 2020, from http://www.justice.gov.uk/guidance/docs/achieving-best-evidence-criminal-proceedings.pdf
- Nathanson, R., & Saywitz, K. J. (2003). Effects of the courtroom context on children’s memory and anxiety. The Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 31(1), 67–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/009318530303100105
- Newcombe, N. S., Drummey, A. B., Fox, N. A., Lie, E., & Ottinger-Alberts, W. (2000). Remembering early childhood: How much, how, and why (or why not). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9(2), 55–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00060
- O'Neill, S., & Zajac, R. (2013). Preparing children for cross-examination: How does intervention timing influence efficacy? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 19(3), 307–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031538
- Orbach, Y., & Lamb, M. (2007). Young children's references to temporal attributes of allegedly experienced events in the course of forensic interviews. Child Development, 78(4), 1100–1120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01055.x
- Peperkoorn, L. S., Vaughn Becker, D., Balliet, D., Columbus, S., Molho, C. & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2020). The prevalence of dyads in social life. Plos One, 15(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244188
- Peterson, C., Dowden, C., & Tobin, J. (1999). Interviewing preschoolers: Comparisons of yes/no and wh- questions. Journal of Law & Human Behavior, 23(5), 539–555. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022396112719
- Peterson, C., Moores, L., & White, G. (2001). Recounting the same events again and again: Children's consistency across multiple interviews. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(4), 353–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.708
- Phillips, E., Oxburgh, G. E., Gavin, A., & Myklebust, T. (2012). Investigative interviews with victims of child sexual abuse: The relationship between question type and investigation relevant information. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 27(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-011-9093-z
- Pillemer, D. B., Wink, P., DiDonato, T. E., & Sanborn, R. L. (2003). Gender differences in autobiographical memory styles of older adults. Memory (Hove, England), 11(6), 525–532. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000117
- Priebe, G., & Svedin, C. G. (2008). Child sexual abuse is largely hidden from the adult society. An epidemiological study of adolescents’ disclosures. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(12), 1095–1108. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.04.001
- Principe, G. F., DiPuppo, J., & Gammel, J. (2013). Effects of mothers’ conversation style and receipt of misinformation on children's event reports. Cognitive Development, 28(3), 260–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.01.012
- Roberts, K. P., Lamb, M. E., & Sternberg, K. J. (2004). The effects of rapport-building style on children's reports of a staged event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.957
- Roebers, C. M., von der Linden, N., & Howie, P. (2007). Favourable and unfavourable conditions for children’s confidence judgements. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(1), 109–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/026151006X104392
- Salmon, K., & Pipe, M. (2000). Recalling an event one year later? The impact of props, drawing and a prior interview. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14(2), 99–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(200003/04)14:2<99::AID-ACP639>3.0.CO;2-5
- Santtila, P., Korkman, J., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2004). Effects of interview phase, repeated interviewing, presence of a support person, and anatomically detailed dolls on child sexual abuse interviews. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316021000044365
- Saywitz, K. J., Larson, R. P., Hobbs, S. D., & Wells, C. R. (2015). Developing rapport with children in forensic interviews: Systematic review of experimental research. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 33(4), 372–389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.218
- Saywitz, K. J., Wells, C. R., Larson, R. P., & Hobbs, S. D. (2019). Effects of interviewer support on children’s memory and suggestibility: Systematic review and meta-analyses of experimental research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(1), 22–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683457
- Schaffer, H. R. & Liddell, C. (1984). Adult-child interaction under dyadic and polyadic conditions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2, 33–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00532.x
- Schlagman, S., Kliegel, M., Schultz, J., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2009). Differential effects of age on involuntary and voluntary autobiographical memory. Psychology and Aging, 24(2), 397–411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015785
- Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (2007). An integrative model of organizational trust: Past, present, and future. The Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 344–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24348410
- Soboroff, S. D. (2012). Group size and the trust, cohesion, and commitment of group members, PhD thesis, University of Iowa. http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3537&context=etd
- Tustin, K., & Hayne, H. (2010). Defining the boundary: Age-related changes in childhood amnesia. Developmental Psychology, 46(5), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020105
- Waterman, A. H., & Blades, M. (2011). Helping children correctly say “I don't know” to unanswerable questions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17(4), 396–405. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026150
- Waterman, A. H., & Blades, M. (2013). The effect of delay and individual differences on children's tendency to guess. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028354
- Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. P. (2000). Do children try to answer nonsensical questions? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(2), 211–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/026151000165652
- Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. P. (2001). Interviewing children and adults: The effect of question format on the tendency to speculate. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15(5), 521–531. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.741
- Waterman, A. H., Blades, M., & Spencer, C. P. (2004). Indicating when you do not know the answer: The effect of question format and interviewer knowledge on children’s ‘don’t know’ responses. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(3), 335–348. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1348/0261510041552710