References
- American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). APA Press.
- Anthony, E. J., & Cohler, B. J. (1987). The invulnerable child. Guilford Press.
- Auty, K. M., Farrington, D. P., & Coid, J. W. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of psychopathy and mediation via psychosocial risk factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.151050
- Auty, K. M., Farrington, D. P., & Coid, J. W. (2017). The intergenerational transmission of criminal offending: Exploring gender-specific mechanisms. British Journal of Criminology, 57(1), 215–237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azv115
- Bandstra, E. S., Morrow, C. E., Mansoor, E., & Accornero, V. H. (2010). Prenatal drug exposure: Infant and toddler outcomes. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 29(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10550881003684871
- Barlow, J., Smailagic, N., Huband, N., Roloff, V., & Bennett, C. (2014). Group-based parent training programmes for improving parental psychosocial health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD002020. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002020
- Barnow, S., Spitzer, C., Grabe, H. J., Kessler, C., & Freyberger, H. J. (2006). Individual characteristics, familial experience, and psychopathology in children of mothers with borderline personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(8), 965–972. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000222790.41853.b9
- Barrett, P. (2007). Structural equation modelling: Adjudging model fit. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 815–824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.018
- Benjamin, L. S. (1996). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders (2nd ed.). Guilford.
- Bentler, P. M. (2007). On tests and indices for evaluating structural models. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 825–829. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.024
- Besemer, S., Ahmad, S. I., Hinshaw, S. P., & Farrington, D. P. (2017). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 37, 161–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.004
- Bierut, L. J., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Dinwiddie, S. H., Madden, P. A. F., Statham, D. J., Dunne, M. P., & Martin, N. G. (1999). Major depressive disorder in a community-based twin sample. Are there different genetic and environmental contributions for men and women? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(6), 557–563. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.6.557
- Bornovalova, M. A., Hicks, B. M., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2010). Familial transmission and heritability of childhood disruptive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(9), 1066–1074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091272
- Bouchard, T. J. (2004). Genetic influence on human psychological traits. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(4), 148–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00295.x
- Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(11), 916–924. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950230030006
- Capaldi, D. M., Pears, K. C., Kerr, D. C. R., Owen, L. D., & Kim, H. K. (2012). Growth in externalizing and internalizing problems in childhood: A prospective study of psychopathology across three generations. Child Development, 83(6), 1945–1959. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01821.x
- Clark, L. A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: Perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 227–257. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200
- Coles, C. D., Platzman, K. A., Smith, I., James, M. E., & Falek, A. (1992). Effects of cocaine and alcohol use in pregnancy on neonatal growth and neurobehavioral status. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 14(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(92)90025-6
- Connell, A. M., & Goodman, S. H. (2002). The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 746–773. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.746
- Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. (1997). Externalizing behavior problems and discipline revisited: Nonlinear effects and variation by culture, context, and gender. Psychological Inquiry, 8(3), 161–175. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0803_1
- Du Toit, M., Du Toit, S., & Hawkins, D. M. (2001). Interactive LISREL: User's guide. Scientific Software International. Incorporated.
- Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., South, S. C., Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. (2011). Contrasting prototypes and dimensions in the classification of personality pathology: Evidence that dimensions, but not prototypes, are robust. Psychological Medicine, 41(6), 1151–1163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001650
- Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress Jr., N. G. (2006). Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 131–144. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/athens/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=ovfth&AN=00004468-200602000-00015http://sfx.library.qmul.ac.uk/qmsfx?sid=OVID&isbn=&issn=0021-843X&volume=115&issue=1&date=2006&title=Journal+of+Abnormal+Psychology&atitle=Psychopathic%2C+Not+Psychopath%3A+Taxometric+Evidence+for+the+Dimensional+Structure+of+Psychopathy.&aulast=Edens%2C+John&spage=131 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.131
- Ekselius, L., Lindström, E., von Knorring, L., Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1994). SCID II interviews and the SCID screen questionnaire as diagnostic tools for personality disorders in DSM-III-R. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(2), 120–123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01566.x
- Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and antisocial behaviour from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(6), 929–964. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01342.x
- Farrington, D. P. (2003). Key results from the first 40 years of the Cambridge study in delinquent development. In T. P. Thornberry, & M. D. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies (pp. 137–183). Kluwer/Plenum.
- Farrington, D. P. (2019). The Cambridge study in delinquent development. In D. Eaves, C. D. Webster, Q. Haque, & J. Eaves-Thalken (Eds.), Risk rules: A practical guide to structured professional judgement and violence prevention (pp. 225–233). Pavilon Publishing.
- Farrington, D. P. (2021a). The developmental evidence base: Prevention. In D. A. Crighton, & G. J. Towl (Eds.), Forensic psychology (3rd ed., pp. 263–293). Wiley.
- Farrington, D. P. (2021b). New findings in the Cambridge study in delinquent development. In J. C. Barnes, & D. R. Forde (Eds.), The encyclopedia of research methods in criminology and criminal justice. Hoboken: Wiley. In Press.
- Farrington, D. P., Barnes, G. C., & Lambert, S. (1996). The concentration of offending in families. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 1(1), 47–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8333.1996.tb00306.x
- Farrington, D. P., Coid, J. W., & Murray, J. (2009a). Family factors in the intergenerational transmission of offending. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19(2), 109–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.717
- Farrington, D. P., Coid, J. W., & West, D. J. (2009b). The development of offending from age 8 to age 50: Recent results from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Monatsschrift fur Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform (Journal of Criminology and Penal Reform), 92(2), 160–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2009-922-306
- Farrington, D. P., Piquero, A. R., & Jennings, W. G. (2013). Offending from childhood to late middle age: Recent results from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Springer.
- Farrington, D. P., Ttofi, M. M., & Crago, R. V. (2017). Intergenerational transmission of convictions for different types of offenses. Victims & Offenders, 12(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2016.1187693
- Farrington, D. P., & West, D. J. (1981). The Cambridge study in Delinquent development. In S. A. Mednick, & A. E. Baert (Eds.), Prospective longitudinal research: An empirical basis for the primary prevention of psychosocial disorders (pp. 137–145). Oxford University Press.
- Farrington, D. P., & West, D. J. (1990). The Cambridge study in delinquent development: A long-term follow-up of 411 London males. In H. J. Kerner, & G. Kaiser (Eds.), Kriminalitat: Personlichkeit, Lebensgeschichte und Verhalten (Criminality: Personality, behaviour and life history) (pp. 115–138). Springer-Verlag.
- Field, T. (1992). Infants of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 4(01), 49–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005551
- First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Benjamin, L. S., & Williams, J. B. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis-II personality disorders. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Press.
- Frick, P. J., & Loney, B. R. (2002). Understanding the association between parents and child antisocial behavior. In R. J. McMahon, & R. D. Peters (Eds.), The effects of parental dysfunction on children (pp. 105–126). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
- Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., Shanahan, M., & Elder Jr., G. H. (1995). Mutual influences in parent and adolescent psychological distress. Developmental Psychology, 31(3), 406–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.406
- Gjerde, L. C., Czajkowski, N., Røysamb, E., Ørstavik, R. E., Knudsen, G. P., Østby, K., Torgersen, S., Myers, J., Kendler, K. S., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2012). The heritability of avoidant and dependent personality disorder assessed by personal interview and questionnaire. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 126(6), 448–457. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01862.x
- Glover, V. (1997). Maternal stress or anxiety in pregnancy and emotional development of the child. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 171(2), 105–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.171.2.105
- Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (1999). Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: A developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychological Review, 106(3), 458–490. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.106.3.458
- Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(1), 90–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.1.90
- Grove, W. M., Lebow, B. S., Clementz, B. A., Cerri, A., Medus, C., & Iacono, W. G. (1991). Familial prevalence and coaggregation of schizotypy indicators: A multitrait family study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.100.2.115
- Guay, J.-P., Ruscio, J., Knight, R. A., & Hare, R. D. (2007). A taxometric analysis of the latent structure of psychopathy: Evidence for dimensionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 701–716. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.116.4.701
- Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S.. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 217–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
- Hart, S. D. (1998). Psychopathy and risk for violence. In D. J. Cooke, A. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, Research and Implications for society (pp. 355–373). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Hart, S. D., Cox, D. J., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Manual for the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV). Multi-Health Systems.
- Heywood, H. B., & Filon, L. N. G. (1931). On finite sequences of real numbers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 134(824), 486–501. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1931.0209
- Hicks, B .M., Krueger, R. F., & Iacono, W. G. (2004). Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 922–928.
- Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2004). Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(9), 922–928. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.922
- Hopwood, C. J., Malone, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Sanislow, C. A., Gill, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., Pinto, A., Markowitz, J. C., Shea, M. T., Skodol, A. E., Gunderson, J. G., Zanarini, M. C., & Morey, L. C. (2011). Personality assessment in DSM-5: Empirical support for rating severity, style and traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(3), 305–320. <Go to ISI>://WOS:000291369900003. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.305.
- Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Taylor, A. (2003). Life with (or without) father: The benefits of living with two biological parents depend on the father's antisocial behavior. Child Development, 74(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00524
- Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Smailes, E., & Brook, J. S. (2001). Association of maladaptive parental behavior with psychiatric disorder among parents and their offspring. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(5), 453–460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.453
- Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Familial influences on conduct disorder reflect two genetic factors and one shared environmental factor. Archives of General Psychiatry, 70(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.267
- Kendler, K. S., & Prescott, C. A. (2006). Genes, environment, and psychopathology: Understanding the causes of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Guilford Press.
- Keyes, P. D. M., Legrand, P. D. L., Iacono, P. D. W., & McGue, P. D. M. (2008). Parental smoking and adolescent problem behavior: An adoption study of general and specific effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(10), 1338–1344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08010125
- Kim, H. K., Capaldi, D. M., Pears, K. C., Kerr, D. C. R., & Owen, L. D. (2009). Intergenerational transmission of internalising and externalising behaviours across three generations: Gender-specific pathways. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19(2), 125–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.708
- Koestner, R., Zuroff, D., & Powers, T. (1991). Family origins of adolescent self-criticism and its continuity into adulthood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(2), 191–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.191
- Kramer, D. A. (2005). Commentary: Gene-environment interplay in the context of genetics, epigenetics, and gene expression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(1), 19–27. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/athens/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=ovftg&AN=00004583-200501000-00004; http://sfx.library.qmul.ac.uk/qmsfx?sid=OVID&isbn=&issn=0890-8567&volume=44&issue=1&date=2005&title=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Child+%26+Adolescent+Psychiatry&atitle=Commentary%3A+Gene-Environment+Interplay+in+the+Context+of+Genetics%2C+Epigenetics%2C+and+Gene+Expression.&aulast=KRAMER%2C+DOUGLAS&spage=19 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000145804.30112.6b
- Krueger, R. F., Eaton, N. R., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., Markon, K. E., Derringer, J., Skodol, A., & Livesley, W. J. (2011). Deriving an empirical structure of personality pathology for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.170
- Lamb, M. E. (1997). Fathers and child development: An introductory overview and guide. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., pp. 1–18). Wiley.
- Livesley, W. J. (2007). A framework for integrating dimensional and categorical classifications of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.2.199
- Livesley, W .J. (1986). Trait and behavioral prototypes of personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 728–732.
- Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., Jackson, D. N., & Venon, P. A. (1993). Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(12), 1826–1831. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.12.1826
- Lou, H. C., Hansen, D., Nordentoft, M., Pryds, O., Jensen, F., Nim, J., & Hetnmingsen, R. (1994). Prenatal stressors of human life affect fetal brain development. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 36(9), 826–832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1994.tb08192.x
- Lykken, D. T. (1995). The Antisocial Personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cut-off values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 11(3), 320–341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
- McCullagh, P. (1980). Regression models for ordinal data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 42(2), 109–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x
- Michelson, D., Davenport, C., Dretzke, J., Barlow, J., & Day, C. (2013). Do evidence-based interventions work when tested in the “real world?” A systematic review and meta-analysis of parent management training for the treatment of child disruptive behavior. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0128-0
- Millon, T., & Davis, R. D. (1996). Disorders of personality: DSM-IV and beyond. J. Wiley.
- Mueser, K. T. (2003). Integrated treatment for dual disorders: A guide to effective practice. Guilford Press.
- Muthen, B. O. (1994). Multilevel covariance structure analysis. Sociological Methods & Research, 22(3), 376–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124194022003006
- Oldham, J. M., & Skodol, A. E. (2000). Charting the future of Axis II. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2000.14.1.17
- Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Castalia.
- Pettit, J. W., Olino, T. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2008). Intergenerational transmission of internalizing problems: Effects of parental and grandparental major depressive disorder on child behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 640–650. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802148129
- Phares, V. (1992). Where's poppa? The relative lack of attention to the role of fathers in child and adolescent psychopathology. American Psychologist, 47(5), 656–664. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.47.5.656
- Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2007). Key issues in criminal career research: New analyses of the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Cambridge University Press.
- Plomin, R., Defries, J. D., Mcclearn, G. E., & Mcguffin, P. (2001). Behavioral genetics (4th ed.). Worth Publishers.
- Rappoport, A. (2005). Co-narcissism: How we accommodate to narcissistic parents. The Therapist, 16(2), 36–48.
- Rowe, D. C., & Farrington, D. P. (1997). The familial transmission of criminal convictions. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 35(1), 177–202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00874.x
- Rutter, M. (2005). Environmentally mediated risks for psychopathology: Research strategies and findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(1), 3–18. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/athens/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=ovftg&AN=00004583-200501000-00003http://sfx.library.qmul.ac.uk/qmsfx?sid=OVID&isbn=&issn=0890-8567&volume=44&issue=1&date=2005&title=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Child+%26+Adolescent+Psychiatry&atitle=Environmentally+Mediated+Risks+for+Psychopathology%3A+Research+Strategies+and+Findings.&aulast=RUTTER%2C+MICHAEL&spage=3 https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000145374.45992.c9
- Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., Bender, D. S., Dyck, I. R., Stout, R. L., Morey, L. C., Shea, M. T., Zanarini, M. C., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., McGlashan, T. H., & Gunderson, J. G. (2005). Dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: Relationships to functional impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(10), 1919–1925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1919
- Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1990). The structured clinical interview for DSM-II Axis II (SCID-II). American Psychiatric Press.
- Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893–898. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
- Stone, M. H. (1980). The borderline syndromes: Constitution, personality, and adaptation. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
- Thomas, A. M., Forehand, R., & Neighbours, B. (1995). Changes in maternal depressive mood: Unique contribution to adolescent functioning over time. Adolescence, 30(117), 43–52.
- Thornberry, T. P., Freeman-Gallant, A., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., & Smith, C. A. (2003). Linked lives: The intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31(2), 171–184. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1022574208366
- Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. (2003). Potential problems with ‘well fitting’ models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 578–598. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.112.4.578
- Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. (2004). Structural equation modeling: Strengths, limitations, and misconceptions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 31–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144239
- Uggen, C. (2000). Work as a turning point in the life course of criminals: A duration model of age, employment, and recidivism. American Sociological Review, 65(4), 529–546. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2657381
- Ullrich, S., Deasy, D., Smith, J., Johnson, B., Clarke, M., Broughton, N., & Coid, J. (2008). Detecting personality disorders in the prison population of England and Wales: Comparing case identification using the SCID-II screen and the SCID-II clinical interview. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 19(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940802045182
- VandenBos, G. R. (2015). APA dictionary of psychology. American Psychological Association.
- Verheul, R., & Widiger, T. A. (2004). A meta-analysis of the prevalence and usage of the personality disorder not otherwise specified (PDNOS) diagnosis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(4), 309–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2004.18.4.309
- Wakschlag, L. S., Pickett, K. E., Cook, E., Benowitz, N. L., & Leventhal, B. L. (2002). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and severe antisocial behavior in offspring: A review. American Journal of Public Health, 92(6), 966–974. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.6.966
- Ward, A. J. (1991). Prenatal stress and childhood psychopathology. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 22(2), 97–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00707788
- Webster-Stratton, C. (2000). Incredible years trouble shooting guide. Umbrella Press.
- West, D. J. (1969). Present conduct and future delinquency. Heinemann.
- West, D. J. (1982). Delinquency: Its roots, careers and prospects. Heinemann.
- West, D. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1973). Who becomes delinquent? Heinemann.
- West, D. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1977). The delinquent way of life. Heinemann.
- Widiger, T. A., & Clark, L. A. (2000). Toward DSM—V and the classification of psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 126(6), 946–963. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.946
- Widiger, T. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2005). Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 494–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.494
- Widiger, T. A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder: Finding a common ground. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(2), 110–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.19.2.110.62628