186
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Co-offending and police notification: the differential reporting of young groups to the police

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 30 Jul 2021, Accepted 20 Aug 2022, Published online: 12 Sep 2022

References

  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups. Sociological Methods & Research, 28(2), 186–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124199028002003
  • Allison, P. D. (2001). Missing data. Sage Publications.
  • Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. J. (1947). The psychology of rumor. Rinehart, & Winston.
  • Andresen, M. A., & Felson, M. (2010). The impact of co-offending. British Journal of Criminology, 50(1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp043
  • Avakame, E. F., Fyfe, J. J., & Mccoy, C. (1999). Did you call the police? What did they do? An empirical assessment of Black’s theory of mobilization of law. Justice Quarterly, 16(4), 765–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418829900094361
  • Bachman, R. (1993). Predicting the reporting of rape victimizations: Have reforms made a difference? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20(3), 254–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854893020003003
  • Bachman, R. (1998). The factors related to rape reporting behavior and arrest: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 25(1), 8–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854898025001002
  • Baumer, E. P. (2002). Neighborhood disadvantage and police notification by victims of violence. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 40(3), 579–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00967.x
  • Baumer, E. P., & Lauritsen, J. L. (2010). Reporting crime to the police, 1973-2005: A multivariate analysis of long-term trends in the National Crime Survey (NCS) and National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 48(1), 131–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00182.x
  • Beckett, K., & Sasson, T. (2000). The politics of injustice: Crime and punishment in America. Pine Forge Press.
  • Berg, M. T., & Rogers, E. M. (2017). The mobilization of criminal law. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 13(1), 451–469. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-084510
  • Black, D. J. (1973). The mobilization of law. The Journal of Legal Studies, 2(1), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1086/467494
  • Black, D. J. (1976). The behavior of law. Oxford University Press.
  • Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority group relations. John Wiley and Sons.
  • Blumer, H. (1958). Race prejudice as a sense of group position. The Pacific Sociological Review, 1(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607
  • Bosick, S. J., Rennison, C. M., Gover, A. R., & Dodge, M. (2012). Reporting violence to the police: Predictors through the life course. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(6), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.05.001
  • Bouchard, M., & Nguyen, H. (2010). Is it who you know, or how many that counts? Criminal networks and cost avoidance in a sample of young offenders. Justice Quarterly, 27(1), 130–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820802593386
  • Bouchard, M., & Ouellet, F. (2011). Is small beautiful? The link between risks and size in illegal drug markets. Global Crime, 12(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2011.548956
  • Braithwaite, J., & Biles, D. (1980). Empirical verification and Black’s the behavior of law. American Sociological Review, 45(2), 334–338. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095131
  • Carrington, P. J. (2002). Group crime in Canada. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 44(3), 277–315.
  • Chiricos, T., McEntire, R., & Gertz, M. (2001). Perceived racial and ethnic composition of neighborhood and perceived risk of crime. Social Problems, 48(3), 322–340. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.322
  • Chiricos, T., Welch, K., & Gertz, M. (2004). Racial typification of crime and support for punitive measures. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 42(2), 358–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00523.x
  • Conway, K. P., & Mccord, J. (2002). A longitudinal examination of the relation between co-offending with violent accomplices and violent crime. Aggressive Behavior, 28(2), 97–108.
  • Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. (2004). Seeing black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 876–893. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.6.876
  • Erickson, M. L. (1971). The group context of delinquent behavior. Social Problems, 19(1), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.2307/799944
  • Erickson, M. L. (1973). Group violations and official delinquency: The group hazard hypothesis. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 11(2), 127–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1973.tb00593.x
  • Felson, R. B., Baumer, E. P., & Messner, S. F. (2000). Acquaintance robbery. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(3), 284–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427800037003002
  • Felson, R. B., Messner, S. F., & Hoskin, A. (1999). The victim-offender relationship and calling the police in assaults. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 37(4), 931–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00510.x
  • Fergusson, D. M., Swain-Campbell, N. R., & Horwood, J. (2003). Arrests and convictions for cannabis related offences in a New Zealand birth cohort. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 70(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00336-8
  • Feyerherm, W. (1980). The group hazard hypothesis: A reexamination. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 17(1), 58–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/002242788001700105
  • Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. K. (2001). Factors in the underreporting of crimes against juveniles. Child Maltreatment, 6(3), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559501006003003
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Gottfredson, D. M. (1988). Decision making in criminal justice. Plenum.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hindelang, M. J. (1979). A study of the behavior of law. American Sociological Review, 44(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094813
  • Goudriaan, H., Lynch, J. P., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2004). Reporting to the police in western nations: A theoretical analysis of the effects of social context. Justice Quarterly, 21(4), 933–969.
  • Goudriaan, H., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2007). Contextual determinants of juveniles’ willingness to report crimes: A vignette experiment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3(2), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-007-9030-4
  • Greenberg, M. S., & Ruback, R. B. (1992). After the crime: Victim decision making. Plenum.
  • Greenberg, M. S., Ruback, R. B., & Westcott, D. R. (1982). Decision making by crime victims: A multimethod approach. Law & Society Review, 17(1), 47–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053532
  • Hamilton, D. L., Dugan, P. M., & Trolier, T. K. (1985). The formation of stereotypic beliefs: Further evidence for distinctiveness-based illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.5
  • Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103(2), 336–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.336
  • Hart, T. C., & Rennison, C. M. (2003). Reporting crime to the police, 1992-2000. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Hindelang, M. J. (1971). The social versus solitary nature of delinquent involvements. The British Journal of Criminology, 11(2), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046297
  • Hindelang, M. J. (1976). With a little help from their friends: Group participation in reported delinquent behaviour. The British Journal of Criminology, 16(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046710
  • Hugenberg, K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2004). Ambiguity in social categorization: The role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization. Psychological Science, 15(5), 342–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00680.x
  • Johnson, C., & Mullen, B. (1994). Evidence for the accessibility of paired distinctiveness in distinctiveness-based illusory correlation in stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294201006
  • Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2019). Typical roles and intergroup relations shape stereotypes: How understanding social structure clarifies the origins of stereotype content. Social Psychology Quarterly, 82(2), 205–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0190272519850766
  • Lantz, B. (2020a). Co-offending group composition and violence: The impact of sex, age, and group size on co-offending violence. Crime & Delinquency, 66(1), 93–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719834564
  • Lantz, B. (2020b). Co-offending and arrest: An examination of the “group hazard” hypothesis. Crime & Delinquency, 66, 572–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719860837
  • Lantz, B. (2021). The consequences of crime in company: Co-offending, victim-offender relationship, and quality of violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(7), 4363–4388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518786497
  • Lantz, B., & Kim, J. (2019). Hate crimes hurt more, but so do co-offenders: Separating the influence of co-offending and bias on hate motivated injury. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(3), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818810314
  • Lantz, B., & Ruback, R. B. (2017). The relationship between co-offending, age, and experience using a sample of adult burglary offenders. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 3(1), 76–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-016-0047-0
  • Lantz, B., & Wenger, M. R. (2020). Guns, groups and the Southern culture of honor: Considering the role of co-offenders in Southern firearm violence. Psychology of Violence, 11(4), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000352
  • Lantz, B., Wenger, M. R., & Malcom, Z. T. (2022). Severity matters: The moderating effect of offense severity in predicting racial differences in reporting of bias and non-bias victimization to the police. Law and Human Behavior, 46(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000477
  • Lauritsen, J. L. (2001). The social ecology of violent victimization: Individual and contextual effects in the NCVS. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17(1), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007574114380
  • Liska, A. E., & Chamlin, M. B. (1984). Social structure and crime control among macrosocial units. American Journal of Sociology, 90(2), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1086/228084
  • Lohr, S. L., & Liu, J. (1994). A comparison of weighted and unweighted analyses in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10(4), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02221280
  • Long, J. S., & Mustillo, S. A. (2018). Using predictions and marginal effects to compare groups in regression models for binary outcomes. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(3), 1284–1320. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799374
  • Malm, A., Bouchard, M., Decorte, T., Vlaemynck, M., & Wouters, M. (2017). More structural holes, more risk? Network structure and risk perception among marijuana growers. Social Networks, 51, 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2017.01.006
  • McCarthy, B., Hagan, J., & Cohen, L. E. (1998). Uncertainty, cooperation, and crime: Understanding the decision to co-offend. Social Forces, 77(1), 155–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/3006013
  • McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1994). Illusory correlation in the perception of groups: An extension of the distinctiveness-based account. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.414
  • McGloin, J. M., & Nguyen, H. (2012). It was my idea: Considering the instigation of co-offending. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 50(2), 463–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00266.x
  • McGloin, J. M., & Nguyen, H. (2013). The importance of studying co-offending networks for criminological theory and policy. In Carlo Morselli (Ed.), Crime and networks (pp. 13–27). Taylor and Francis.
  • McGloin, J. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2009). “I wasn’t alone”: Collective behaviour and violent delinquency. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42(3), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1375/acri.42.3.336
  • McGloin, J. M., & Rowan, Z. R. (2015). A threshold model of collective crime. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 53(3), 484–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12077
  • McGloin, J. M., & Thomas, K. J. (2016). Incentives for collective deviance: Group size and changes in perceived risk, cost, and reward. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 54(3), 459–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12111
  • Mize, T. D. (2019). Best practices for estimating, interpreting, and presenting nonlinear interaction effects. Sociological Science, 6, 81–117. https://doi.org/10.15195/v6.a4
  • Morash, M. (1984). Establishment of a juvenile police record:. The influence of individual and peer group characteristics. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 22(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1984.tb00290.x
  • Ouellet, F., Boivin, R., Leclerc, C., & Morselli, C. (2013). Friends with(out) benefits: Co-offending and re-arrest. Global Crime, 14(2-3), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2013.787930
  • Reiss, A. J. (1988). Co-offending and criminal careers. In N. Morris & M. Tonry (Eds.), Crime & justice (pp. 117–170). University of Chicago Press.
  • Reiss, A. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1991). Advancing knowledge about co-offending: Results from a prospective longitudinal survey of London males. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82(2), 360–395.
  • Rennison, C. M., Gover, A. R., Bosick, S. J., & Dodge, M. (2011). Reporting violent victimization to the police: A focus on Black, White, Asian, and Hispanic adolescent victims. The Open Family Studies Journal, 4(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874922401104010054
  • Rose, D. R., & Clear, T. R. (1998). Incarceration, social capital, and crime: Implications for social disorganization theory. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 36(3), 441–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01255.x
  • Royston, P. (2005). Multiple imputation of missing values: Update of ice. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 5(4), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0500500404
  • Ruback, R. B., Greenberg, M. S., & Westcott, D. R. (1984). Social influence and crime-victim decision making. Journal of Social Issues, 40(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01082.x
  • Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Wiley.
  • Russell, K. K. (1998). The color of crime. New York University Press.
  • Sagar, H. A., & Schofield, J. W. (1980). Racial and behavioral cues in Black and White children’s perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(4), 590–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.4.590
  • Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1987). Illusory correlation in the perception of individuals and groups. Social Cognition, 5(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1987.5.1.1
  • Sellin, T., & Wolfgang, M. E. (1964). The measurement of delinquency. Wiley.
  • Shaw, C., & McKay, H. D. (1931). Social factors in juvenile delinquency. Government Printing Office.
  • Skogan, W. G. (1976). Citizen reporting of crime: Some national panel data. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 13(4), 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1976.tb00685.x
  • Skogan, W. G. (1977). Dimensions of the dark figure of unreported crime. Crime & Delinquency, 23(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/001112877702300104
  • Skogan, W. G. (1984). Reporting crimes to the police: The status of world research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(2), 113–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427884021002003
  • Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J., & Kramer, J. (1998). The interaction of race, gender, and age in criminal sentencing: The punishment cost of being young, Black, and male. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 36(4), 763–798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01265.x
  • Stults, B. J., & Baumer, E. P. (2007). Racial context and police force size: Evaluating the empirical validity of the minority threat perspective. American Journal of Sociology, 113(2), 507–546. https://doi.org/10.1086/518906
  • Warner, B. D. (1992). The reporting of crime: A missing link in conflict theory. In A. Liska (Ed.), Social threat and social control (pp. 71–87). SUNY Press.
  • Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The social aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge University Press.
  • Weerman, F. M. (2003). Co-offending as social exchange: Explaining characteristics of co-offending. British Journal of Criminology, 43(2), 398–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/43.2.398
  • Wilson, J. P., Hugenberg, K., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Racial bias in judgments of physical size and formidability: From size to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000092
  • Xie, M., & Baumer, E. P. (2019a). Crime victims’ decisions to call the police: Past research and new directions. Annual Review of Criminology, 2(1), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024748
  • Xie, M., & Baumer, E. P. (2019b). Neighborhood immigrant concentration and violent crime reporting to the police: A multilevel analysis of data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 57(2), 237–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12204
  • Xie, M., & Lauritsen, J. L. (2012). Racial context and crime reporting: A test of Black’s stratification hypothesis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 28(2), 265–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-011-9140-z
  • Zaykowski, H., Ellain, E. C., & Campagna, L. M. (2019). Examining the paradox of crime reporting: Are disadvantaged victims more likely to report to the police? Law & Society Review, 53(4), 1305–1340. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12440
  • Zimring, F. E. (1981). Kids, groups, and crime: Some implications of a well-known secret. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 72(3), 867–885. https://doi.org/10.2307/1143269

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.