313
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Attitudes towards terrorist rehabilitation programs: psychological mediating and moderating mechanisms

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 23 May 2022, Accepted 10 Oct 2022, Published online: 27 Oct 2022

References

  • Alonso, R., & Bada, J. D. (2016). What role have former ETA terrorists played in counterterrorism and counterradicalization initiatives in Spain? Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39(11), 982–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2016.1154365
  • Altier, M. B. (2021). Criminal or terrorist?: Fear, bias, and public support for prisoner reentry programs. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2020.1866556
  • Annan, J., Blattman, C., Mazurana, D., & Carlson, K. (2011). Civil war, reintegration, and gender in Northern Uganda. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(6), 877–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711408013
  • Barrelle, K. (2015). Pro-integration: Disengagement from and life after extremism. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 7(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2014.988165
  • Basra, R., & Neumann, P. R. (2020). Prisons and terrorism: Extremist offender management in 10 European countries. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR). https://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICSR-Report-Prisons-and-Terrorism-Extremist-Offender-Management-in-10-European-Countries_V2.pdf
  • Basra, R., Neumann, P. R., & Brunner, C. (2016). Criminal pasts, terrorist futures: European Jihadists and the new crime-terror nexus. The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR). http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/554
  • Cherney, A. (2018). Supporting disengagement and reintegration: Qualitative outcomes from a custody-based counter radicalisation intervention. Journal for Deradicalization, 17, 1–27 .
  • Clubb, G., Barnes, E., O’Connor, R., Schewe, J., & Davies, G. A. M. (2019). Revisiting the de-radicalisation or disengagement debate: Public attitudes to the re-integration of terrorists. Journal for Deradicalization, 21, 84–116 .
  • Clubb, G., & O’Connor, R. (2019). Understanding the effectiveness and desirability of de-radicalisation: How de-radicalisation is framed in The Daily Mail. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 21(2), 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118819067
  • Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to “prejudice”.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 770–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
  • Council of the European Union. (2014). Revised EU strategy for combating radicalisation and recruitment to terrorism (5643/5/14). https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9956-2014-INIT/en/pdf
  • Crawford, J. T. (2014). Ideological symmetries and asymmetries in political intolerance and prejudice toward political activist groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.08.002
  • Doosje, B., Zimmermann, A., Küpper, B., Zick, A., & Meertens, R. (2009). Terrorist threat and perceived Islamic support for terrorist attacks as predictors of personal and institutional out-group discrimination and support for anti-immigration policies–evidence from 9 European countries. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 22(3), 203–233.
  • Dovidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: Theoretical and empirical overview. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 3–28). SAGE.
  • Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205284282
  • Echebarria-Echabe, A., & Fernández-Guede, E. (2006). Effects of terrorism on attitudes and ideological orientation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.294
  • Europol. (2018). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2018-tesat-2018
  • Europol. (2020). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-te-sat-2020
  • Europol. (2022). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT). https://www.europol.europa.eu/publication-events/main-reports/european-union-terrorism-situation-and-trend-report-2022-te-sat
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Ferguson, N. (2014). Northern Irish ex-prisoners: The impact of imprisonment on prisoners and the peace process in Northern Ireland. In A. Silke (Ed.), Prisons, terrorism and extremism: Critical issues in management, radicalisation and reform (pp. 270–282). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203584323-19
  • Ferguson, N., Burgess, M., & Hollywood, I. (2015). Leaving violence behind: Disengaging from politically motivated violence in Northern Ireland. Political Psychology, 36(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12103
  • Garland, B., Wodahl, E., & Schuhmann, R. (2013). Value conflict and public opinion toward prisoner reentry initiatives. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 24(1), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403411424081
  • Gerber, M. M., & Jackson, J. (2017). Justifying violence: legitimacy, ideology and public support for police use of force. Psychology, Crime & Law, 23(1), 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1220556
  • Godefroidt, A., & Langer, A. (2021). What drives attitudes toward the reintegration of former fighters? Insights from a conjoint experiment in Nigeria. Journal of Peace Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221087070
  • Gómez, A., Atran, S., Chinchilla, J., Vázquez, A., López-Rodríguez, L., Paredes, B., Martínez, M., Blanco, L., Alba, B., Bautista, H., Fernández, S., Pozuelo-Rubio, F., González-Álvarez, J. L., Chiclana, S., Valladares-Narganes, H., Alonso, M., Ruíz-Alvarado, A., López-Novo, J. L., & Davis, R. (2022). Willingness to sacrifice among convicted Islamist terrorists versus violent gang members and other criminals. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2596. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06590-0
  • Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1105–1118. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1105
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford.
  • Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 67(3), 451–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/bmsp.12028
  • Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO7 scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000033
  • Hofmann, W., Brandt, M. J., Wisneski, D. C., Rockenbach, B., & Skitka, L. J. (2018). Moral punishment in everyday life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(12), 1697–1711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218775075
  • Horgan, J., & Braddock, K. (2010). Rehabilitating the terrorists?: Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of de-radicalization programs. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(2), 267–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546551003594748
  • Horgan, J. G. (2014). What makes a terrorist stop being a terrorist? Journal for Deradicalization, 1, 1–4 .
  • Igualada, C. (2021). Operaciones policiales frente al yihadismo en España 2021. In C. Igualada (Coord.), Anuario del terrorismo yihadista 2021 (pp. 107–133). Observatorio Internacional de Estudios sobre el Terrorismo (OIET). https://observatorioterrorismo.com/eedyckaz/2022/03/ANUARIO-2021.pdf
  • Jaume, L., Etchezahar, E., & Cervone, N. (2012). La justificación del sistema económico y su relación con la orientación a la dominancia social. Boletín de Psicología, 106(106), 81–91.
  • Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. American Psychologist, 61(7), 651–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651
  • Jost, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6), 881–919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x
  • Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 307–337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600
  • Jost, J. T., Gaucher, D., & Stern, C. (2015). “The world isn’t fair”: A system justification perspective on social stratification and inequality. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, J. F. Dovidio, & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, volume 2: Group processes (pp. 317–340). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14342-012
  • Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339
  • Jost, J. T., & van der Toorn, J. (2012). System justification theory. In P. A. M. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 313–343). Sage Publications.
  • Kaplan, O., & Nussio, E. (2018). Community counts: The social reintegration of ex-combatants in Colombia. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 35(2), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894215614506
  • Kernsmith, P. D., Craun, S. W., & Foster, J. (2009). Public attitudes toward sexual offenders and sex offender registration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(3), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710902901663
  • Kteily, N. S., Hodson, G., & Bruneau, E. (2016). They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 343–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000044
  • Larsson, M. R., Björklund, F., & Bäckström, M. (2012). Right-wing authoritarianism is a risk factor of torture-like abuse, but so is social dominance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 927–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.015
  • Lobato, R. M., Moya, M., & Trujillo, H. (2018). Effect of the content of a news item on Spaniards’ attitudes towards Palestinians and Israelis / Efecto del contenido de una noticia sobre la actitud de los españoles hacia palestinos e israelíes. Revista de Psicología Social, 33(2), 275–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2018.1435106
  • Lopes, P. C., Pinto, I. R., Marques, J. M., & Bobowik, M. (2021). Releasing prisoners during COVID-19: the impact of the support for the early release, perceived insecurity and political orientation on attitudes towards released prisoners in Portugal. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 17(3), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPH-09-2020-0074
  • Marrero, I. (2020). Soldados del terrorismo global: Los nuevos combatientes extranjeros. Tecnos.
  • Marrero, I., & Berdún-Carrión, S. (2021). Jihadist prisoners in Spain and the application of the high security prison regime. European Journal of Criminology, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211018946 
  • Msall, K. A. (2017). Perceptions of extremists and deradicalization programs among university students in Kuwait. Journal for Deradicalization, 10, 77–97 .
  • Osborne, D., Jost, J. T., Becker, J. C., Badaan, V., & Sibley, C. G. (2019). Protesting to challenge or defend the system? A system justification perspective on collective action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(2), 244–269. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2522
  • Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  • Reynolds, N., Craig, L. A., & Boer, D. P. (2013). Public attitudes toward offending, offenders and reintegration. In J. Wood, & T. A. Gannon (Eds.), Public opinion and criminal justice (pp. 182–202). Willan.
  • Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Santos-Hermoso, J., González-Álvarez, J. L., Macía Vázquez, A., Pozuelo Rubio, F., & Chiclana, S. (2021). Jihadist extremism in Spanish prisons. Characterisation of the inmates linked to Jihadist radicalisation and analysis of their behaviour in prison. Terrorism and Political Violence, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2021.1972978
  • Schmid, A. P. (2013). Radicalisation, de-radicalisation, counter-radicalisation: A conceptual discussion and literature review. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT). http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Radicalisation-De-Radicalisation-Counter-Radicalisatin-March-2013.pdf
  • Schuurman, B., & Bakker, E. (2016). Reintegrating jihadist extremists: Evaluating a Dutch initiative, 2013–2014. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 8(1), 66–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2015.1100648
  • Shackley, M., Weiner, C., Day, A., & Willis, G. M. (2014). Assessment of public attitudes towards sex offenders in an Australian population. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20(6), 553–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2013.793772
  • Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175043
  • Soldevilla, G. F. (2021). El ocaso de ETA. Grand Place: Pensamiento y Cultura, 16, 41–59 .
  • Stephan, W. G., & Renfro, C. L. (2002). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In D. M. Mackie, & E. R. Smith (Eds.), From prejudice to intergroup emotions (pp. 191–208). Psychology Press.
  • Stephan, W. G., Renfro, C. L., & Davis, M. D. (2009). The role of threat in intergroup relations. In U. Wagner, L. R. Tropp, G. Finchilescu, & C. Tredoux (Eds.), Improving intergroup relations: Building on the legacy of Thomas F. Pettigrew (pp. 55–72). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Thornton, A., & Bouhana, N. (2019). Preventing radicalization in the UK: Expanding the knowledge-base on the channel programme. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(3), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax036
  • Uenal, F. (2016). Disentangling Islamophobia: The differential effects of symbolic, realistic, and terroristic threat perceptions as mediators between social dominance orientation and Islamophobia. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 4(1), 66–90. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v4i1.463
  • Ullrich, J., & Cohrs, J. C. (2007). Terrorism salience increases system justification: Experimental evidence. Social Justice Research, 20(2), 117–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0035-y
  • Van der Heide, E., & Schuurman, B. (2018). Reintegrating terrorists in The Netherlands: Evaluating the Dutch approach. Journal for Deradicalization, 17, 196–239 .
  • Van der Toorn, J., Feinberg, M., Jost, J. T., Kay, A. C., Tyler, T. R., Willer, R., & Wilmuth, C. (2012). A sense of powerlessness fosters system justification: Implications for the legitimation of authority, hierarchy, and government. Political Psychology, 36(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12183
  • Vidino, L., & Clifford, B. (2019). A review of transatlantic best practices for countering radicalisation in prisons and terrorist recidivism. European Counter Terrorism Centre (ECTC) Advisory Network. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/review-of-transatlantic-best-practices-for-countering-radicalisation-in-prisons-and-terrorist-recidivism
  • Vuk, M., Applegate, B. K., Ouellette, H. M., Bolin, R. M., & Aizpurua, E. (2020). The pragmatic public? The impact of practical concerns on support for punitive and rehabilitative prison policies. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(2), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-019-09507-2
  • Weeks, D. (2021). Lessons learned from U.K. efforts to deradicalize terror offenders. CTC Sentinel, 14(3), 33–39.
  • Wilson, M. S. (2003). Social dominance and ethical ideology: The end justifies the means? The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(5), 549–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598462
  • Wnuk, D., Chapman, J. E., & Jeglic, E. L. (2006). Development and refinement of a measure of attitudes toward sex offender treatment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43(3), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n03_03

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.