201
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Laypersons’ recognition of and attribution of blame in situations involving domestic minor sex trafficking

ORCID Icon, , &
Received 06 Jul 2022, Accepted 11 Oct 2022, Published online: 08 Nov 2022

References

  • A21. (2021). Child sexual exploitation. Can you see me? – USA. https://www.a21.org/content/can-you-see-me-usa/grmu6o?showgroup = 1&showpanel = 5
  • Agnes, F. (2013). Controversy over age of consent. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(29), 10–13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23528498
  • Austin, R., & Farrell, A. (2017). Human trafficking and the media in the United States. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.290
  • Ayoub, P. M., & Garrison, J. (2017). Getting the message out: Media context and global changes in attitudes toward homosexuality. Comparative Political Studies, 50(8), 1055–1085. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414016666836
  • Baker, C. N. (2014). An intersectional analysis of sex trafficking films. Meridians, 12(1), 208–226. https://doi.org/10.2979/meridians.12.1.208
  • Bates, D., Machler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Bay-Cheng, L. Y., & Fava, N. M. (2014). What puts “at-risk girls” at risk? Sexual vulnerability and social inequality in the lives of girls in the child welfare system. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 11(2), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-013-0142-5
  • Beck, M. E., Lineer, M. M., Melzer-Lange, M., Simpson, P., Nugent, M., & Rabbitt, A. (2015). Medical providers’ understanding of sex trafficking and their experience with at-risk patients. Pediatrics, 135(4), e895–e902. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-2814
  • Bottoms, B. L., & Goodman, G. S. (1994). Perceptions of children's credibility in sexual assault cases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(8), 702–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00608.x
  • Bouché, V., Farrell, A., & Wittmer-Wolfe, D. E. (2018). Challenging the dominant frame: The moderating impact of exposure and knowledge on perceptions of sex trafficking victimization. Social Science Quarterly, 99(4), 1283–1302. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12492
  • Braams, B. R., van Duijvenvoorde, A. C., Peper, J. S., & Crone, E. A. (2015). Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: A comprehensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 35(18), 7226–7238. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4764-14.2015
  • Bromfield, N. F. (2015). Sex slavery and sex trafficking of women in the United States. Affilia, 31(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915616437
  • Broussard, S. D., & Wagner, W. G. (1988). Child sexual abuse: Who is to blame? Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(4), 563–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90073-7
  • Busch-Armendariz, N. B., Nsonwu, M. B., & Cook Heffron, L. (2011). Human trafficking victims and their children: Assessing needs, vulnerabilities, strengths, and survivorship. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 2(1). http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/iss1/3. https://doi.org/10.26153/tsw/10013
  • Casler, K., Bickel, L., & Hackett, E. (2013). Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2156–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009
  • Cauffman, E., Fine, A., Mahler, A., & Simmons, C. (2018). How developmental science influences juvenile justice reform. Irvine Law Review, 8(1), 21–40. https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1306&context=ucilr
  • Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act [11164 - 11174.3] § 11164 et seq. (1987)
  • Countryman-Roswurm, K., & Bolin, B. L. (2014). Domestic minor sex trafficking: Assessing and reducing risk. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 31(6), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-014-0336-6
  • Cunningham, K. C., & Cromer, L. D. (2016). Attitudes about human trafficking: Individual differences related to belief and victim blame. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(2), 228–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555369
  • Davies, M., Rogers, P., & Whitelegg, L. (2009). Effects of victim gender, victim sexual orientation, victim response and respondent gender on judgements of blame in a hypothetical adolescent rape. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14(2), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1348/978185408X386030
  • Farrell, A., & Pfeffer, R. (2014). Policing human trafficking: Cultural blinders and organizational barriers. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213515835
  • Farrell, A., Pfeffer, R., & Bright, K. (2015). Police perceptions of human trafficking. Journal of Crime and Justice, 38(3), 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2014.995412
  • Franklin, C. A., & Menaker, T. A. (2015). The impact of observer characteristics on blame assessments of prostituted female youth. Feminist Criminology, 10(2), 140–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085114535234
  • Gerassi, L. B., Nichols, A. J., Cox, A., Goldberg, K. K., & Tang, C. (2018). Examining commonly reported sex trafficking indicators from practitioners’ perspectives: Findings from a pilot study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(1112), NP6281–NP6303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518812813
  • Ghetti, S., & Redlich, A. D. (2001). Reactions to youth crime: Perceptions of accountability and competency. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 19(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.426
  • Goddard, C., Bortoli, L. D., Saunders, B. J., & Tucci, J. (2005). The rapist's camouflage: ‘Child prostitution’. Child Abuse Review, 14(4), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.894
  • Golding, J. M., Malik, S., Jones, T. M., Burke, K. C., & Bottoms, B. L. (2020). Perceptions of child sexual abuse victims: A review of psychological research with implications for law. Memory and Sexual Misconduct, 132–174.
  • Halter, S. (2010). Factors that influence police conceptualizations of girls involved in prostitution in six U.S. Cities: Child sexual exploitation victims or delinquents? Child Maltreatment, 15(2), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509355315
  • Havig, K., & Mahapatra, N. (2020). Health-care providers’ knowledge of human trafficking: Implications for building service capacity in a frontier state. Journal of Human Trafficking, 7(4), 366–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1747011
  • Henderson, H. M., Cho, S. J., Nogalska, A. M., & Lyon, T. D. (2021). Identifying novel forms of reluctance in commercially sexually exploited adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104994
  • Hockett, J. M., Smith, S. J., Klausing, C. D., & Saucier, D. A. (2016). Rape myth consistency and gender differences in perceiving rape victims: A meta-analysis. Violence Against Women, 22(2), 139–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215607359
  • Hope for Justice. (2018, November 6). Spot the signs of human trafficking. Hope for Justice | End Slavery. Change Lives. https://hopeforjustice.org/spot-the-signs/
  • Houston-Kolnick, J. D., Soibatian, C., & Shattell, M. M. (2020). Advocates’ experiences with media and the impact of media on human trafficking advocacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(506), 1108–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517692337
  • Jago, S., Arocha, L., Brodie, I., Melrose, M., Pearce, J. J., & Warrington, C. (2011). What's going on to safeguard children and young people from sexual exploitation? How local partnerships respond to child sexual exploitation. University of Bedfordshire.
  • Koski, A., & Heymann, J. (2018). Child marriage in the United States: How common is the practice, and which children are at greatest risk? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 50(2), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12055
  • Kotrla, K. (2010). Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States. Social Work, 55(2), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/55.2.181
  • Lavoie, J., Dickerson, K. L., Redlich, A. D., & Quas, J. A. (2019). Overcoming disclosure reluctance in youth victims of sex trafficking: New directions for research, policy, and practice. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 25(4), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000205
  • Lenth, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.5.0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
  • Litam, S. D. A. (2019). She's just a prostitute: The effects of labels on counselor attitudes, empathy, and rape myth acceptance. The Professional Counselor, 9(4), 396–415. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1237580.pdf
  • Litam, S. D. A., & Lam, E. T. C. (2021). Sex trafficking beliefs in counselors: Establishing the need for human trafficking training in counselor education programs. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 43(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-020-09408-8
  • Long, E., & Dowdell, E. B. (2018). Nurses’ perceptions of victims of human trafficking in an urban emergency department: A qualitative study. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 44(4), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2017.11.004
  • McCauley, M. R., & Parker, J. F. (2001). When will a child be believed? The impact of the victim's age and juror's gender on children's credibility and verdict in a sexual-abuse case. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(4), 523–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00224-1
  • McCormack, M., & Anderson, E. (2014). The influence of declining homophobia on men’s gender in the United States: An argument for the study of homohysteria. Sex Roles, 71(3-4), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0358-8
  • Middleton, J. S., Gattis, M. N., Frey, L. M., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2018). Youth experiences survey (YES): Exploring the scope and complexity of sex trafficking in a sample of youth experiencing homelessness. Journal of Social Service Research, 44(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2018.1428924
  • Miller, Q. C., Todorovic, K., Perez, C. O., Capparelli, A. L., & London, K. (2021). Laypeople’s knowledge and misconceptions of sex trafficking influenced by training formats. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1865767
  • Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2010). Conceptualizing juvenile prostitution as child maltreatment: Findings from the national juvenile prostitution study. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509349443
  • Monahan, K., Steinberg, L., & Piquero, A. R. (2015). Juvenile justice policy and practice: A developmental perspective. Crime and Justice, 44(1), 577–619. https://doi.org/10.1086/681553
  • Musto, J. (2013). Domestic minor sex trafficking and the detention-to-protection pipeline. Dialectical Anthropology, 37(2), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-013-9295-0
  • Newman, G. R. (2006). The exploitation of trafficked women (Problem Specific Guide Series, No 38). Center for Problem-Oriented Policing. http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=1699
  • Nogalska, A., Henderson, H., Cho, S., & Lyon, T. D. (2021). Police interviewing behaviors and commercially sexually exploited adolescents’ reluctance. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(3), 328–340. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037law0000315 https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000315
  • O’Brien, J. E. (2019). What does it matter how we define it? Exploring definitions of DMST among service providers and victims/survivors. Journal of Human Trafficking, 5(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2017.1410415
  • Petroni, S., Das, M., & Sawyer, S. M. (2019). Protection versus rights: Age of marriage versus age of sexual consent. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(4), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30336-5
  • Polaris. (2020). Polaris analysis of 2020 data from the National Human Trafficking Hotline. Polaris Project. https://polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Polaris-Analysis-of-2020-Data-from-the-National-Human-Trafficking-Hotline.pdf
  • Polaris Project. (2019). Sex trafficking and LGBTQ youth. https://polarisproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/LGBTQ-Sex-Trafficking.pdf
  • Quas, J. A., Bottoms, B. L., Haegerich, T. M., & Nysse-Carris, K. L. (2002). Effects of victim, defendant, and juror gender on decisions in child sexual assault cases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 1993–2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02061.x
  • Quas, J. A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Hardin, K. M., Dianiska, R. E., & Lyon, T. D. (2022). Criminal prosecutions of commercial sexual exploitation and sexual abuse of minors: A comparative analysis. Submitted for publication.
  • Raphael, J., Feifer, K., Bigelsen, J., Dempsey, M., & Rhodes, S. (2017). What we know about sex trafficking, prostitution, and sexual exploitation in the US. World Without Exploitation—The Movement to End Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation. https://awakenreno.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/What-We-Know-About-Sex-Trafficking-Prostitution-and-Sexual-Exploitation-in-the-U.S.-WWE-2017.pdf
  • R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/
  • Reid, J. A., Baglivio, M. T., Piquero, A. R., Greenwald, M. A., & Epps, N. (2019). No youth left behind to human trafficking: Exploring profiles of risk. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(6), 704–715. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000362
  • Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2019). A six-year analysis of sex traffickers of minors: Exploring characteristics and sex trafficking patterns. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(5), 608–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1575315
  • Rogers, P., Josey, N., & Lowe, M. (2007). Victim age, attractiveness and, abuse history as factors in the perception of a hypothetical child sexual abuse case. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13(2), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600701644835
  • Rogers, P., Lowe, M., & Reddington, K. (2016). Investigating the victim pseudomaturity effect: How a victim’s chronological age and dress style influences attributions in a depicted case of child sexual assault. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 25(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1111964
  • Scholes, L., Jones, C., & Nagel, M. (2014). Boys and CSA prevention: Issues surrounding gender and approaches for prevention. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(11), 11. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2014v39n11.1
  • Strohacker, E., Gibbs, J. C., & Woolford, S. (2021). Pennsylvanians’ perceptions of the nature and extent of human trafficking. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2021.1898249
  • Stubbs-Richardson, M., Rader, N. E., & Cosby, A. G. (2018). Tweeting rape culture: Examining portrayals of victim blaming in discussions of sexual assault cases on Twitter. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353517715874
  • Titchen, K., Loo, E., Berdan, D., Rysavy, E., Ng, M. B., & Sharif, I. (2017). Domestic sex trafficking of minors: Medical student and physician awareness. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 30(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.05.006
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). Global report on trafficking in persons 2020.
  • Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act. (2000). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ386/pdf/PLAW106publ386.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.