‘I’ve lived and bred violence my whole life’: understanding violence in the Irish Prison Service through the lens of the power threat meaning framework

References

• Akerman, G., Needs, A., & Bainbridge, C. (eds.). (2018). Transforming environments and rehabilitation: A guide for practitioners in forensic settings and criminal justice. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Blevins, K. R., Johnson Listwan, S., Cullen, F. T., & Lero Jonson, C. (2010). A general strain theory of prison violence and misconduct: An integrated model of inmate behaviour. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209359369
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, M. (2008). What are you looking at? Prisoner confrontations and the search for respect. The British Journal of Criminology, 48(6), 856–873. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azn053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, M., & Drake, D. H. (2007). Reconsidering respect: Its role in her majesty’s prison service. The Howard Journal, 46(2), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2007.00460.x
   Google Scholar
• Butler, M., & Maruna, S. (2009). Impact of disrespect on prisoners’ aggression: Outcomes of experimentally inducing violence-supportive cognitions. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(2-3), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160802190970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, M., McNamee, C. B., & Kelly, D. (2021a). Exploring prison misconduct and the factors influencing rule infraction in Northern Ireland. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-021-09491-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, M., McNamee, C. B., & Kelly, D. (2021b). Risk factors for interpersonal violence in prison: Evidence from longitudinal administrative prison data in Northern Ireland. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211006363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, M., McNamee, C. B., & Kelly, D. (2021c). Assessing the distant factors driving violent, drug and disorder-related prison misconduct from longitudinal data in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Criminology, XX, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azab099
   Google Scholar
• Edgar, K., O’Donnell, I., & Martin, C. (2003). Prison violence: The dynamics of conflict, fear and power. Willan.
   Google Scholar
• Facer-Irwin, E., Blackwood, N. J., Bird, A., Dickson, H., McGlade, D., Alves-Costa, F., & MacManus, D. (2019). PTSD in prison settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbid mental disorders and problematic behaviours. PLoSONE, 14(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222407
   Google Scholar
• Facer-Irwin, E., Karatzias, T., Bird, A., Blackwood, N., & MacManus, D. (2021). PTSD and complex PTSD in the UK: Prevalence, trauma, antecedents, and psychiatric comorbidities. Psychological Medicine, 52(13), 2794–2804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordernberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frizton, K., Miller, S., Bargh, D., Hollows, K., Osborne, A., & Howlett, A. (2021). Understanding relationships between trauma and criminogenic risk using the risk-need-responsivity model. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(3), 294–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1806972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadon, L., Johnstone, L., & Cooke, D. (2006). Situational variables and institutional violence: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 515–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, O., Regan, E. E., & O’Reilly, G. (2022). Serious violence in the Irish Prison Service: Exploring the experiences of prisoners and prison officers under the violently disruptive prisoner policy. Psychology, Crime & Law. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2096885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, O., Regan, E. E., & O'Reilly, G. (2023). 'Violence is all he knew, and it seemed to work': Using the power threat meaning framework to explore prison officers' understandings of violence in Irish prisons [Unpublished manuscript]. Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, N. S., Carman, N. G., Rogers, P., MacCulloch, M. J., Hayward, P., & Snowden, R. J. (2003). Post-traumatic stress disorder caused in mentally disordered offenders by the committing of a serious violent or sexual offence. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 14(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478994031000074289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hocken, K., Taylor, J., & Walton, J. (2022). Trauma and the experience of imprisonment. In P. Willmot & L. Jones (Eds.), Trauma-informed forensic practice (pp. 298–315). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Irish Prison Service. (2019). Violently disruptive prisoners: Policy document [Unpublished internal document].
   Google Scholar
• Irish Prison Service. (2021). Assault figures. April 25, 2023, https://www.irishprisons.ie/information-centre/statistics-information/assault-figures/
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone, L., Boyle, M., Cromby, J., Dillon, J., Harper, D., Kinderman, P., Longden, E., Pilgrim, D., & Read, J. (2018a). The power threat meaning framework: Towards the identification of patterns in emotional distress, unusual experiences and troubled or troubling behaviour, as an alternative to functional psychiatric diagnosis. British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/guideline/power-threat-meaning-framework-full-version
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone, L., Boyle, M., Cromby, J., Dillon, J., Harper, D., Kinderman, P., Longden, E., Pilgrim, D., & Read, J. (2018b). The power threat meaning framework: Overview. British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/guideline/power-threat-meaning-framework-overview-version
   Google Scholar
• Jones, L., & Willmot, P. (2022). Trauma-informed forensic practice. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Liebling, A., Price, D., & Shefer, G. (2011). The prison officer (2nd ed.). Willan Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Malik, N., Facer-Irwin, E., Dickson, H., Bird, A., & MacManus, D. (2021). The effectiveness of trauma-focused interventions in prison settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211043890
   Google Scholar
• Martynowicz, A., & Moore, L. (2018). ‘Behind the door’: Solitary confinement in the Irish penal system. Irish Penal Reform Trust. https://www.iprt.ie/site/assets/files/6439/solitary_confinement_web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, J. (2018). Understanding prison violence: A rapid evidence assessment. HM Prison and Probation Service. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/737956/understanding-prison-violence.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pink, J., & Gray, N. S. (2022). The traumatic impact of violent crime on offenders. In P. Willmot & L. Jones (Eds.), Trauma-informed forensic practice (pp. 231–246). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsden, J. (2019). Editorial: The power threat meaning framework and forensic mental health settings. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 29(3), 131–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis, M., Dinelli, S., & Elias, L. (2019). Surviving prison: Using the power threat meaning framework to explore the impact of long-term imprisonment. Clinical Psychology Forum, 313(313), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2019.1.313.25
   Google Scholar
• Scharff Smith, P. (2006). The effects of solitary confinement on prison inmates: A brief history and review of the literature. Crime and Justice, 34(1), 441–528. https://doi.org/10.1086/500626
   Google Scholar
• Schenk, A. M., & Fremouw, W. J. (2012). Individual characteristics related to prison violence: A critical review on the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), 430–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. (2022). The impact on staff of trauma-informed work in forensic settings. In P. Willmot & L. Jones (Eds.), Trauma-informed forensic practice (pp. 363–379). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• State Claims Agency. (2016). Review of assaults on operational prison staff by prisoners. https://stateclaims.ie/uploads/publications/Review-of-Assaults-on-Operational-Prison-Staff-by-Prisoners-November-2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, B., Butler, D., & Ellison, J. M. (2014). Causes and correlates of prison inmate misconduct: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 54(6), 462–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, B., & Wooldredge, J. (2020). Understanding and reducing prison violence: An integrated social control-opportunity perspective. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315148243
   Google Scholar
• Ternes, M., Cooper, B. S., & Griesel, D. (2020). The perpetration of violence and the experience of trauma: Exploring predictors of PTSD symptoms in male violent offenders. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 19(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2019.1643428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utting, E., & Woodall, T. (2022). From care to custody? In P. Willmot & L. Jones (Eds.), Trauma-informed forensic practice (pp. 93–110). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Willmot, P. (2022). Childhood maltreatment and its links to offending. In P. Willmot & L. Jones (Eds.), Trauma-informed forensic practice (pp. 413–427). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Willmot, P., & Evershed, S. (2018). Interviewing people given a diagnosis of personality disorder in forensic settings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 17(4), 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2018.1508097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willmot, P., & Siddall, Y. (2022). Trauma, violence and gender. In P. Willmot & L. Jones (Eds.), Trauma-informed forensic practice (pp. 32–48). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• World Prison Brief. (2023, May 31). Ireland, Republic of. Retrieved June 27, 2023, from https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/ireland-republic.
   Google Scholar