The effect of a presumption of guilt on police guilt judgments

References

• Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, C. F., & DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 214–234. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brysbaert, M., & Stevens, M. (2018). Power analysis and effect size in mixed effects models: A tutorial. Journal of Cognition, 1(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cabell, J. J., Moody, S. A., & Yang, Y. (2020). Evaluating effects on guilty and innocent suspects: An effect taxonomy of interrogation techniques. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 26(2), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman, S. D., Gregory, A. H. & Carlucci, M. (2009). Exploring the diagnostic utility of facial composites: Beliefs of guilt can bias perceived similarity between composite and suspect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 15(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drizin, S. A., & Leo, R. A. (2004). Problem of false confessions in the post-DNA world. North Carolina Law Review, 82, 891–1007.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1969.11023575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyll, M., Yang, Y., Madon, S., Smalarz, L., & Lannin, D. G. (2019). Mobilization and resistance in response to interrogation threat. Law and Human Behavior, 43(4), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwig, M., & Bond, C.F. Jr. (2011). Why do lie-catchers fail? A lens model meta-analysis of human lie judgments. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 643–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inbau, F. E., Reid, J., Buckley, J., & Jayne, B. (2013). Criminal interrogation and confessions (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. P. (2014). Snowball sampling: Introduction. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat05720
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, J., & Cutler, B. (2022). Co-occurrences among interrogation tactics in actual criminal investigations. Psychology, Crime & Law, 28(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.1876051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappes, A., Harvey, A. H., Lohrenz, T., Montague, P. R., & Sharot, T. (2020). Confirmation bias in the utilization of others’ opinion strength. Nature Neuroscience, 23(1), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0549-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassin, S. M., Drizin, S. A., Grisso, T., Gudjonsson, G. H., Leo, R. A., & Redlich, A. D. (2010). Police-induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations. Law and Human Behavior, 34(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-009-9188-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassin, S. M., Dror, I. E., & Kukucka, J. (2013). The forensic confirmation bias: Problems, perspectives, and proposed solutions. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassin, S. M., Goldstein, C. C., & Savitsky, K. (2003). Behavioral confirmation in the interrogation room: On the dangers of presuming guilt. Law and Human Behavior, 27(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022599230598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassin, S. M., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). The psychology of confessions: A review of the literature and issues. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(2), 33–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00016.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassin, S. M., & McNall, K. (1991). Police interrogations and confessions: Communicating promises and threats by pragmatic implication. Law and Human Behavior, 15(3), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassin, S. M., Meissner, C. A., & Norwick. R. J. (2005). “I'd know a false confession if I Saw One": A comparative study of college students and police investigators. Law and Human Behavior, 29(2), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-005-2416-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenward, M. G., & Roger, J. H. (1997). Small sample inference for fixed effects from restricted maximum likelihood. Biometrics, 53(3), 983–997. https://doi.org/10.2307/2533558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lange, N. D., Thomas, R. P., Dana, J., & Dawes, R. M. (2011). Contextual biases in the interpretation of auditory evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 35(3), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9226-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo, R. A. (1996). Inside the interrogation room. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86(2), 266–303. https://doi.org/10.2307/1144028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo, R. A. (2008). Police interrogation and American justice. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leo, R. A., & Drizin, S. A. (2010). The three errors: Pathways to false confession and wrongful conviction. In G. D. Lassiter & C. A. Meissner (Eds.), Police interrogations and false confessions: Current research, practice, and policy recommendations (pp. 9–30). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12085-001
   Google Scholar
• Lidén, M., Gräns, M., & Juslin, P. (2018). The presumption of guilt in suspect interrogations: Apprehension as a trigger of confirmation bias and debiasing techniques. Law and Human Behavior, 42(4), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke, T. J. (2019). Lessons from Pinocchio: Cues to deception may be highly exaggerated. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(4), 646–671. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619838258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madon, S., Guyll, M., Yang, Y., Smalarz, L. A., Marschall, J., & Lannin, D. (2017). A biphasic process of resistance among suspects: The mobilization and decline of self-regulatory resources. Law and Human Behavior, 41(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuschek, H., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., Baayen, H., & Bates, D. (2017). Balancing Type I error and power in linear mixed models. Journal of Memory and Language, 94, 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, C. T. (1983). Handbook of the law of evidence (2nd ed.). West.
   Google Scholar
• Meissner, C. A. & Kassin, S. M. (2002). “He's guilty!": Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception. Law and Human Behavior, 26(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020278620751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meteyard, L., & Davies, R. A. (2020). Best practice guidance for linear mixed-effects models in psychological science. Journal of Memory and Language, 112, 104092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, S. A., Cabell, J. J., Livingston, T. N., & Yang, Y. (2023). Evidence-based suspicion and the prior probability of guilt in police interrogations. Law and Human Behavior, 47(2), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narchet, F. M., Meissner, C. A., & Russano, M. B. (2011). Modeling the influence of investigator bias on the elicitation of true and false confessions. Law and Human Behavior, 35(6), 452–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-010-9257-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
   Google Scholar
• Ormerod, T. C., & Dando, C. J. (2015). Finding a needle in a haystack: Toward a psychologically informed method for aviation security screening. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orne, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. American Psychologist, 17(11), 776–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollwage, M., Loosen, A., Hauser, T. U., Moran, R., Dolan, R. J., & Fleming, S. M. (2020). Confidence drives a neural confirmation bias. Nature Communications, 11(1), 2634. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16278-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russano, M. B., Meissner, C. A., Narchet, F. M., & Kassin, S. M. (2005). Investigating true and false confessions within a novel experimental paradigm. Psychological Science, 16(6), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01560.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandham, A. L., Dando, C. J., Bull, R., & Ormerod, T. C. (2022). Improving professional observers’ veracity judgements by tactical interviewing. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 37(2), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-020-09391-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherr, K. C., Redlich, A. D., & Kassin, S. M. (2020). Cumulative disadvantage: A psychological framework for understanding how innocence can lead to confession, wrongful conviction, and beyond. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(2), 353–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619896608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalarz, L. A., Madon, S., Yang, Y., Guyll, M., & Buck, S. (2016). The perfect match: Do criminal stereotypes bias forensic evidence analysis? Law and Human Behavior, 40(4), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, M., & Stukas, A. A. (1999). Interpersonal processes: The interplay of cognitive, motivational, and behavioral activities in social interaction. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spellman, B. A., Eldridge, H., & Bieber, P. (2022). Challenges to reasoning in forensic science decisions. Forensic Science International: Synergy, 4, 100200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100200
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, M., & Yamamoto, Y. (2021). Characterizing the influence of confirmation bias on web search behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2011). Detecting lies and deceit: Pitfalls and opportunities. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2016). Baselining as a lie detection method. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(6), 1112–1119. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3288
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrij, A. (2019). Deception and truth detection when analyzing nonverbal and verbal cues. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 33(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, G. L., Kovera, M. B., Douglass, A. B., Brewer, N., Meissner, C. A., & Wixted, J. T. (2020). Policy and procedure recommendations for the collection and preservation of eyewitness identification evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 44(1), 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westfall, J., Kenny, D. A., & Judd, C. M. (2014). Statistical power and optimal design in experiments in which samples of participants respond to samples of stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(5), 2020–2045. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, S., Coman, I. A., Yamamoto, M., & Najera, C. J. (2023). Exposure effects or confirmation bias? Examining reciprocal dynamics of misinformation, misperceptions, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines. Health Communication, 38(10), 2210–2220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2059802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Smalarz, L., Moody, S. A., Cabell, J. J., & Copp, C. J. (2019). An expected cost model of eyewitness identification. Law and Human Behavior, 43(3), 205–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalman, M., & Smith, B. W. (2007). The attitudes of police executives toward Miranda and interrogation policies. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 97(3), 873–942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar