56
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The economic burden of posttraumatic stress disorder among Canadian lawyers: an exploratory study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Received 08 Jun 2023, Accepted 01 Mar 2024, Published online: 20 Mar 2024

References

  • Aide juridique de Montréal/Laval. (2021). Vous accomplir à l’aide juridique [Accomplish yourself at legal aid]. http://www.aidejuridiquedemontreal.ca/carrieres/vous-accomplir-a-laide-juridique/
  • Alfini, J. J. A., & Van Vooren, J. N. (1995). Is there a solution to the problem of lawyer stress – The law school perspective. Journal of Law and Health, 10, 61–67.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-5-TR (5th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Andrews, K. L., Jamshidi, L., Nisbet, J., Brunet, A., Afifi, T. O., Asmundson, G. J. G., Fletcher, A. J., Maguire, K. Q., Teckchandani, T. A., Lix, L., Sauer-Zavala, S., Sareen, J., Keane, T. M., Neary, J. P., & Carleton, R. N. (2023). Potentially psychologically traumatic event exposure histories of new Royal Canadian Mounted Police cadets. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 68(9), 663–681. https://doi.org/10.1177/07067437221149467
  • Ashbaugh, A. R., Houle-Johnson, S., Herbert, C., El-Hage, W., & Brunet, A. (2016). Psychometric validation of the English and French versions of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). PLoS One, 11(10), e0161645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161645
  • Bays, H. E., Fox, K. M., & Grandy, S. (2014). Validated functional scales among adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: Study to help improve early evaluation and management of risk factors leading to diabetes (SHIELD). Journal of Diabetes Research and Clinical Metabolism, 3, 1–9.
  • Beecham, J., & Knapp, M. (1992). Costing psychiatric interventions. In C. B. G. Thornicroft & J. Wing (Eds.), Measuring mental health needs (pp. 200–224). Gaskell.
  • Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 57, 289–300.
  • Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379–1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
  • Brobst, J. (2014). The impact of secondary traumatic stress among family attorneys working with trauma-exposed clients: Implications for practice and professional responsibility. Journal of Health & Biomedical Law, 10.
  • Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Taillieu, T., Turner, S., Mason, J. E., Ricciardelli, R., McCreary, D. R., Vaughan, A. D., Anderson, G. S., Krakauer, R. L., Donnelly, E. A., Camp II, R. D., Groll, D., Cramm, H. A., MacPhee, R. S., & Griffiths, C. T. (2020). Assessing the relative impact of diverse stressors among public safety personnel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041234
  • CBC News. (2010). Key events in the Bernardo/Homolka case. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/key-events-in-the-bernardo-homolka-case-1.933128
  • Chan, D., Cheadle, A. D., Reiber, G., Unutzer, J., & Chaney, E. F. (2009). Health care utilization and its costs for depressed veterans with and without comorbid PTSD symptoms. Psychiatric Services, 60(12), 1612–1617. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.12.1612
  • Deslandes, B. (2016). Volume 1 – Éthique, déontologie et pratique professionnelle [Volume 1 – Ethics, deontology, and professional practice]. Yvons Blais.
  • Ferry, F. R., Brady, S. E., Bunting, B. P., Murphy, S. D., Bolton, D., & O’Neill, S. M. (2015). The economic burden of PTSD in Northern Ireland. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(3), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22008
  • Gold, D. (2013). Mental illness and lawyers: Moving from stigma to solutions. LawPRO Magazine, 12, 42–43.
  • Graffin, N. (2019). The emotional impacts of working as an asylum lawyer. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 38(1), 30–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdy019
  • Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11(4), 330–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104269954
  • Hernan, W. H., Brandle, M., Zhang, P., Williamson, D. F., Matulik, M. J., Ratner, R. E., Lachin, J. M., & Engelgau, M. M. (2003). Costs associated with the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care, 26(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.1.36
  • James, C. (2020). Towards trauma-informed legal practice: A review. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(2), 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1719377
  • Junior Lawyers Division. (2019). Resilience and wellbeing survey 2019 – Survey report. The Law Society UK. Consulted February 10, 2022, from https://communities.lawsociety.org.uk/Uploads/b/y/k/resilience-wellbeing-survey-report-2019.pdf
  • Kamenov, K., Twomey, C., Cabello, M., Prina, A. M., & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2017). The efficacy of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and their combination on functioning and quality of life in depression: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 47(3), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002774
  • Kartha, A., Brower, V., Saitz, R., Samet, J. H., Keane, T. M., & Liebschutz, J. (2008). The impact of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder on healthcare utilization among primary care patients. Medical Care, 46(4), 388–393. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31815dc5d2
  • Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl 5), 4–12; discussion 13–14.
  • Krill, P. R., Johnson, R., & Albert, L. (2016). The prevalence of substance use and other mental health concerns among American attorneys. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000182
  • Lamoureux-Lamarche, C., Vasiliadis, H.-M., Preville, M., & Berbiche, D. (2016). Healthcare use and costs associated with post-traumatic stress syndrome in a community sample of older adults: Results from the ESA-Services study. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(6), 903–911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001775
  • Leclerc, M.-E, Wemmers, J.-A, & Brunet, A. (2020). The unseen cost of justice: Post-traumatic stress symptoms in Canadian lawyers. Psychology, Crime and Law, 26(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2019.1611830
  • Lee, D. J., Schnitzlein, C. W., Wolf, J. P., Vythilingam, M., Rasmusson, A. M., & Hoge, C. W. (2016). Psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analyses to determine first-line treatments. Depression and Anxiety, 33(9), 792–806. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22511
  • Leonard, M.-J., Saumier, D., & Brunet, A. (2020). When the lawyer becomes traumatized: A scoping review. SAGE Open, 10, 215824402095703. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020957032
  • Leonard, M.-J., Vasiliadis, H.-M., Leclerc, M.-E., & Brunet, A. (2023). Traumatic stress in Canadian lawyers: A longitudinal study.. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 15(Suppl 2), S259–S267. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001177
  • Lynch, D. R. (1997). The nature of occupational stress among public defenders. Justice System Journal, 19(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/23277556.1997.10871248
  • Maguire, G., & Byrne, M. K. (2017). The law is not as blind as it seems: Relative rates of vicarious trauma among lawyers and mental health professionals. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(2), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1220037
  • Olson, E. (2016, February). High rate of problem drinking reported among lawyers. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/05/business/dealbook/high-rate-of-problem-drinking-reported-among-lawyers.html
  • Osofsky, J. D., Putnam, F. W., & Lederman, J. C. S. (2008). How to maintain emotional health when working with trauma. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 59(4), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.2008.00023.x
  • Parlement du Canada. (2020, August 18). S-207, Loi modifiant le Code criminel (divulgation de renseignements par des jurés) [S-207, Act to amend the Criminal Code (disclosure of information by jurors)]. https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=10607221&Language=F
  • Perlin, M. L. (2007). Baby, look inside your mirror: The legal profession’s willful and sanist blindness to lawyers with mental disabilities. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 69, 589–607.
  • Public Health Agency of Canada. (2020, January). Federal framework on posttraumatic stress disorder recognition, collaboration, and support. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/publications/healthy-living/federal-framework-post-traumatic-stress-disorder/pub1-eng.pdf
  • Reilly, M. C., Zbrozek, A. S., & Dukes, E. M. (1993). The validity and reproducibility of a work productivity and activity impairment instrument. PharmacoEconomics, 4(5), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199304050-00006
  • Rønning, L., Blumberg, J., & Dammeyer, J. (2020). Vicarious traumatisation in lawyers working with traumatised asylum seekers: A pilot study. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(4), 665–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1742238
  • Sénat du Canada. (2020, February 25). Débats du Sénat – 1re Session, 43e Législature, Volume 151, Numéro 11. https://sencanada.ca/Content/SEN/Chamber/431/Debates/pdf/011db_2020-02-25-f.pdf
  • Statistics Canada. (2017, January 20). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2016. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/170120/dq170120c-eng.htm
  • Statistics Canada. (2018, January 26). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2017. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/180126/dq180126b-eng.htm
  • Statistics Canada. (2019, January 18). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2018. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190118/dq190118c-eng.htm
  • Statistics Canada. (2020, January 22). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200122/dq200122c-eng.htm
  • Statistics Canada. (2021, January 20). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2020. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210120/dq210120b-eng.htm
  • Statistics Canada. (2022, January 19). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2021. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220119/dq220119b-eng.htm
  • Statistics Canada. (2023, January 17). Consumer price index: Annual review, 2022. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230117/dq230117b-eng.htm
  • Trueheart, C. (1995, May 19). Gruesome murder case is unveiled in Canada. Washington Post.
  • Vasiliadis, H.-M., Latimer, E., Dionne, P.-A., & Préville, M. (2013). The costs associated with antidepressant use in depression and anxiety in community-living older adults. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371305800405
  • Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013a). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013b). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov
  • Weir, P., Jones, L., & Sheeran, N. (2020). Australian lawyers’ experience of exposure to traumatic material: A qualitative study. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 28(3), 363–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1776650
  • Wilson, S., Guliani, H., & Boichev, G. (2016). On the economics of post-traumatic stress disorder among first responders in Canada. Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being, 1(2), 26. https://doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.6
  • Wortmann, J. H., Jordan, A. H., Weathers, F. W., Resick, P. A., Dondanville, K. A., Hall-Clark, B., Foa, E. B., Young-McCaughan, S., Yarvis, J. S., Hembree, E. A., Mintz, J., Peterson, A. L., & Litz, B. T. (2016). Psychometric analysis of the PTSD checklist-5 (PCL-5) among treatment-seeking military service members. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1392–1403. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000260

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.