Teaching Introductory Statistical Classes in Medical Schools Using RStudio and R Statistical Language: Evaluating Technology Acceptance and Change in Attitude Toward Statistics

References

• Altman, D. G., and Bland, J. M. (1991), “Improving Doctors’ Understanding of Statistics,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 154, 223–267, DOI: 10.2307/2983040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bache, S. M., and Wickham, H. (2014), “magrittr: A Forward-Pipe Operator for R.”
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Zvi, D. (2000), “Toward Understanding the Role of Technological Tools in Statistical Learning,” Mathematical Thinking and Learning, 2, 127–155, DOI: 10.1207/S15327833MTL0202_6.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, M. E., Perkins, S. N., and Ramirez, C. (2012), “Students’ Perceptions of Statistics: An Exploration of Attitudes, Conceptualizations, and Content Knowledge of Statistics,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 11, 6–25.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, K. A., and Winquist, J. R. (2011), “Evaluating an Active Learning Approach to Teaching Introductory Statistics: A Classroom Workbook Approach,” Journal of Statistics Education, 19. DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2011.11889596.
   Google Scholar
• Carnell, L. J. (2008), “The Effect of a Student-Designed Data Collection Project on Attitudes Toward Statistics,” Journal of Statistics Education, 16. DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2008.11889551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cashin, S. E., and Elmore, P. B. (2005), “The Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics Scale: A Construct Validity Study,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 509–524, DOI: 10.1177/0013164404272488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiesi, F., and Primi, C. (2010), “Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Factors Related to Students’ Statistics Achievement,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 9.
   Google Scholar
• Chiesi, F., and Primi, C. (2015), “Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Statistics: Is There a Case for a Confidence Gap?,” in CERME 9-Ninth Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education.
   Google Scholar
• Chiesi, F., and Primi, C. (2017), “Do Attitudes Toward Statistics Change During an Introductory Statistics Course? A Study on Italian Psychology Students,” in 10th Congress of European Research in Mathematics Education.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, M., Clayton, D. G., and Donaldson, L. J. (1980), “Teaching Epidemiology and Statistics to Medical Students the Leicester Experience,” International Journal of Epidemiology, 9, 179–185. DOI: 10.1093/ije/9.2.179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1986), “A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results,” Tese, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1989), “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology,” MIS Quarterly, 13, 319–340, DOI: 10.2307/249008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempster, M., and McCorry, N. K. (2009), “The Role of Previous Experience and Attitudes Toward Statistics in Statistics Assessment Outcomes Among Undergraduate Psychology Students,” Journal of Statistics Education, 17. DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2009.11889515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeVaney, T. A. (2010), “Anxiety and Attitude of Graduate Students in On-Campus vs. Online Statistics Courses,” Journal of Statistics Education, 18. DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2010.11889472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., and Linn, M. C. (2010), “Cross-National Patterns of Gender Differences in Mathematics: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin, 136, 103–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmioğlu, E., and Capa-Aydin, Y. (2012), “Attitudes and Achievement in Statistics: A Meta-Analysis Study,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 11, 95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Faghihi, F., and Rakow, E. A. (1995), “The Relationship of Instructional Methods With Student Responses to the Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics,” in Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association, MSERA, Biloxi, MS.
   Google Scholar
• Finney, S. J., and Schraw, G. (2003), “Self-Efficacy Beliefs in College Statistics Courses,” Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 161–186. DOI: 10.1016/S0361-476X(02)00015-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froelich, A. G., Stephenson, W. R., and Duckworth, W. M. (2008), “Assessment of Materials for Engaging Students in Statistical Discovery,” Journal of Statistics Education, 16. DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2008.11889561.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fullerton, J. A., and Umphrey, D. (2001), “An Analysis of Attitudes Toward Statistics: Gender Differences Among Advertising Majors,” in Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, AEJMC, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• GAISE College Report ASA Revision Committee (2016), “Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) College Report 2016.”
   Google Scholar
• Gal, I., and Ginsburg, L. (1994), “The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes in Learning Statistics: Towards an Assessment Framework,” Journal of Statistics Education, 2, DOI: 10.1080/10691898.1994.11910471.
   Google Scholar
• Gal, I., Ginsburg, L., and Schau, C. (1997), “Monitoring Attitudes and Beliefs in Statistics Education,” in The Assessment Challenge in Statistics Education, eds. I. Gal and J. B. Garfield, Voorburg, The Netherlands: IOS Press, pp. 37–51.
   Google Scholar
• Garfield, J. (1995), “How Students Learn Statistics,” International Statistical Review/Revue Internationale de Statistique, 63, 25–34, DOI: 10.2307/1403775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfield, J., and Ben-Zvi, D. (2007), “How Students Learn Statistics Revisited: A Current Review of Research on Teaching and Learning Statistics,” International Statistical Review, 75, 372–396, DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00029.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, D., and Sousa, B. D. (2018), “Teaching With R—A Curse or a Blessing?,” in Looking Back, Looking Forward. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Teaching Statistics, eds. A. Sorto, A. White, and L. Guyot, Kyoto: International Statistical Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Gundlach, E., Richards, K. A. R., Nelson, D., and Levesque-Bristol, C. (2015), “A Comparison of Student Attitudes, Statistical Reasoning, Performance, and Perceptions for Web-Augmented Traditional, Fully Online, and Flipped Sections of a Statistical Literacy Class,” Journal of Statistics Education, 23. DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2015.11889723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., and Black, W. C. (2005), Análise Multivariada de Dados (5th ed.), Porto Alegre: ARTMED.
   Google Scholar
• Harpe, S. E., Phipps, L. B., and Alowayesh, M. S. (2012), “Effects of a Learning-Centered Approach to Assessment on Students’ Attitudes Towards and Knowledge of Statistics,” Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 4, 247–255. DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2012.05.002.
   Google Scholar
• Hayat, M. J. (2018), “Statistics Education in the Health Sciences,” Journal of Statistics Education, 26, 135–136, DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2018.1483786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, A. B. (1947), “Statistics in the Medical Curriculum?,” British Medical Journal, 2, 366–368. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4522.366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ihaka, R. (1998), “R: Past and Future History,” in Computing Science and Statistics, pp. 392–396.
   Google Scholar
• Jatnika, R. (2015), “The Effect of SPSS Course to Students Attitudes Toward Statistics and Achievement in Statistics,” International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 5, 818–821, DOI: 10.7763/IJIET.2015.V5.618.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. A., and Wichern, D. W. (1988), Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis (2nd ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kerby, A. T., and Wroughton, J. R. (2017), “When Do Students’ Attitudes Change? Investigating Student Attitudes at Midterm,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 16.
   Google Scholar
• Lander, J. P. (2014), R for Everyone: Advanced Analytics and Graphics, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Larwin, K., and Larwin, D. (2011), “A Meta-Analysis Examining the Impact of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Postsecondary Statistics Education: 40 Years of Research,” Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 43, 253–278. DOI: 10.1080/15391523.2011.10782572.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, S., Price, G. M., Swift, L., Shepstone, L., and Leinster, S. J. (2010), “Statistics Teaching in Medical School: Opinions of Practising Doctors,” BMC Medical Education, 10, 75,DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-10-75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milic, N. M., Masic, S., Milin-Lazovic, J., Trajkovic, G., Bukumiric, Z., Savic, M., Milic, N. V., Cirkovic, A., Gajic, M., Kostic, M., Ilic, A., and Stanisavljevic, D. (2016), “The Importance of Medical Students’ Attitudes Regarding Cognitive Competence for Teaching Applied Statistics: Multi-Site Study and Meta-Analysis,” PLoS One, 11, e0164439, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, D., Hood, M., and Neumann, M. (2013), “Using Real-Life Data When Teaching Statistics: Student Perceptions of This Strategy in an Introductory Statistics Course,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 12, 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Onwuegbuzie, A. J., and Wilson, V. A. (2003), “Statistics Anxiety: Nature, Etiology, Antecedents, Effects, and Treatments—A Comprehensive Review of the Literature,” Teaching in Higher Education, 8, 195–209, DOI: 10.1080/1356251032000052447.
   Google Scholar
• Oster, R. A., and Enders, F. T. (2018), “The Importance of Statistical Competencies for Medical Research Learners,” Journal of Statistics Education, 26, 137–142, DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2018.1484674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paechter, M., Macher, D., Martskvishvili, K., Wimmer, S., and Papousek, I. (2017), “Mathematics Anxiety and Statistics Anxiety. Shared but Also Unshared Components and Antagonistic Contributions to Performance in Statistics,” Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1196,DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, Z. H., Barak, A.-T., Neumann, L., and Levy, A. (2014), “Computer-Based Learning: The Use of SPSS Statistical Program for Improving Biostatistical Competence of Medical Students,” Journal of Biomedical Education, 2014, 298140, DOI: 10.1155/2014/298140.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team (2018), R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, C., Schau, C., and Emmioglu, E. (2012), “The Importance of Attitudes in Statistics Education,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 11, 57–71.
   Google Scholar
• Rexer, K., Gearan, P., and Allen, H. (2015), “2015 Data Science Survey,” Rexer Analytics.
   Google Scholar
• RStudio Team (2016), RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R, Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sackett, D. L., and Rosenberg, W. M. (1995), “The Need for Evidence-Based Medicine,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 88, 620–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schau, C., and Emmioğlu, E. (2012), “Do Introductory Statistics Courses in the United States Improve Students’ Attitudes?,” Statistics Education Research Journal, 11.
   Google Scholar
• Schau, C., Stevens, J., Dauphinee, T. L., and Vecchio, A. D. (1995), “The Development and Validation of the Survey of Antitudes Toward Statistics,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 868–875. DOI: 10.1177/0013164495055005022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal, M. J., and Chalmers, R. P. (2016), “Play It Again: Teaching Statistics With Monte Carlo Simulation,” Journal of Statistics Education, 24, 136–156, DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2016.1246953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanisavljevic, D., Trajkovic, G., Marinkovic, J., Bukumiric, Z., Cirkovic, A., and Milic, N. (2014), “Assessing Attitudes Towards Statistics Among Medical Students: Psychometric Properties of the Serbian Version of the Survey of Attitudes Towards Statistics (SATS),” PLoS One, 9, e112567. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweller, J. (1988), “Cognitive Load During Problem Solving: Effects on Learning,” Cognitive Science, 12, 257–285, DOI: 10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tippmann, S. (2015), “Programming Tools: Adventures With R,” Nature, 517, 109–110, DOI: 10.1038/517109a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchiano, M. (2017), “effsize: Efficient Effect Size Computation.”
   Google Scholar
• Vance, A. (2009), “Data Analysts Captivated by R’s Power,” New York Times, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Vendramini, C. M. M., Silva, C. B., Kataoka, V. Y., and Cazorla, I. M. (2011), “Validity Evidences of the Attitudes Towards Statistics Scale SATSPORTUGUÊS: A Study with Brazilian Students.” Paper presented at the 58th World Statistical Congress, Dublin.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M. T., and Degol, J. L. (2017), “Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Current Knowledge, Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Directions,” Educational Psychology Review, 29, 119–140, DOI: 10.1007/s10648-015-9355-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, B. E., Jr.(1997), “Gender Differences in Computer-Related Attitudes and Behavior: A Meta-Analysis,” Computers in Human Behavior, 13, 1–22. DOI: 10.1016/S0747-5632(96)00026-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickham, H. (2017), “tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the ‘Tidyverse’.”
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Shang, L., Wang, R., Zhao, Q., Li, C., Xu, Y., and Su, H. (2012), “Attitudes Toward Statistics in Medical Postgraduates: Measuring, Evaluating and Monitoring,” BMC Medical Education, 12, 117–124, DOI: 10.1186/1472-6920-12-117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zieffler, A., Garfield, J., Alt, S., Dupuis, D., Holleque, K., and Chang, B. (2008), “What Does Research Suggest About the Teaching and Learning of Introductory Statistics at the College Level? A Review of the Literature,” Journal of Statistics Education, 16, DOI: 10.1080/10691898.2008.11889566.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar