Notes
- Cripps , Thomas . 1993 . Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900–1942 , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Lincoln , C. Eric . 1973 . The Black Muslims in America , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Davis , Angela Y. 1998a . Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday , New York : Pantheon .
- Lipsitz , George . 1990 . Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
- Ward , Brian . 1998 . Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations , Berkeley : The University of California Press .
- Cantor , L. 1992 . Wheelin’ on Beale: How WDIA‐Memphis Became the Nation's First All‐Black Radio Station and Created the Sound that Changed America , New York : Pharos .
- DeVeaux , Scott Knowles . 1997 . The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Jones , LeRoi . 1963 . “ (Amiri Baraka) ” . In Blues People , New York : William Morrow .
- Bodroghkozy , Aniko . ‘"We're the Young Generation and We've Got Something to Say'”: A Gramscian Analysis of Entertainment Television and the Youth Rebellion of the 1960s.” . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 8 ( 2 ) 217 – 30 .
- Janice , Joseph . 1998 . Black Youths, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice , Westport, Conn. : Prager .
- Cole , David . 1999 . No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System , New York : New Press .
- 1991 . Pipe Dream Blues: Racism and the War on Drugs , Boston : South End Press .
- Welch , Olga M. and Hedges , Carolyn R. 1997 . Standing Outside on the Inside: Black Adolescents and the Construction of Academic Identity , Albany : State University of New York Press .
- Bastian , Lisa D. 1994 . Young Black Male Victims: National Crime Victimization Survey , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Justice .
- Jones , LeAlan and Newman , Lloyd . 1997 . “ (with David Isay) ” . In Our America: Life and Death on the South Side of Chicago , New York : Scribner .
- Anderson , Elijah . 1999 . Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City , New York : W.W. Norton .
- Massey , Douglas S. and Denton , Nancy . 1993 . American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
- Wilson , William Julius . 1996 . When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor , New York : Knopf .
- Feagin , Joe and Sikes , Melvin . 1994 . Living with Racism: The Black Middle Class Experience , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Pattillo‐McCoy , Mary . 1999 . Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
- Marable , Manning . 1985 . Black American Politics: From the Washington Marches to Jesse Jackson , London : Verso .
- 1995 . Beyond Black and White: Transforming African American Politics , New York : Verse .
- Lusane , Clarence . 1994 . African Americans at the Crossroads: The Restructuring of Black Political Leadership and the 1992 Elections , Boston, Mass. : South End Press .
- Reed , Adolph . 1986 . The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: The Crisis of Purpose in Afro‐American Politics , New Haven : Yale University Presses .
- Asante , Molefi . 1993 . Malcolm X as Cultural Hero: And Other Afrocentric Essays , Trenton, N.J. : Africa World Press .
- Wood , Joe . 1992 . Malcolm X: In Our Own Image , New York : St. Martin Press .
- Dyson , Michael E. 1994 . Making Malcom: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Malcolm , X and Haley , Alex . 1992 . The Autobiography of Malcolm X , New York : Ballantine Books .
- Bagwell , Orlando . 1994 . Malcolm X: Make it Plain , Blackside and ROJA Productions . produced and directed
- Oliver , Melvin L. and Shapiro , Thomas M. 1995 . Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Inequality , New York : Routledge .
- Collin , Sharon M. 1997 . Black Corporate Executives: The Making and Breaking of a Black Middle Class , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
- Kelley , Robin D. G. 1997 . Yo’ Mama's Disfunktional!: Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America , Boston : Beacon Press .
References
- Allen , E. 1996 . “ Making the Strong Survive: the Contours and Contradictions of Message Rap ” . In Droppin’ Science: Critical Essays on Music and Hip Hop Culture , Edited by: Perkins , William E. Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
- Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City , New York : W.W. Norton .
- Asante , M. 1993 . Malcolm X as Cultural Hero: and Other Afrocentric Essays , Trenton, N.J. : Africa World Press .
- Bastian , L. 1994 . Young Black Male Victims: National Crime Victimization Survey , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Justice .
- Bodroghkozy , A. 1991 . “'We're the Young generation and We've Got Something to Say'”: A Gramscian Analysis of Entertainment Television and the Youth Rebellion of the 1960s . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 8 (2) : 217 – 230 .
- Boyd , T. 1997 . Am I Black Enough for You?: Popular Culture from the Hood and Beyond , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
- Brown , E. 1992 . A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story , New York : Pantheon .
- Cantor , C. 1981 . Wheelin’ on Beale: How WDIA‐Memphis Became the Nation's First All‐Black Radio Station and Created the Sound that Changed America , New York : Pharos .
- Carson , C. 1998 . In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- Chuck , D. and Jah , Yusuf . 1998 . Fight the Power: Rap, Race, and Reality , New York : Delacorte Press .
- Cole , D. 1999 . No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System , New York : New Press .
- Collins , S. 1997 . The Making and Breaking of a Black Middle Class , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
- Cripps , T. 1993 . Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900–1942 , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Dates , J. and Barlow , W. 1991 . Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media , Washington, D.C. : Howard University Press .
- Davis , A. Y. 1992 . “ Black Nationalism: The Sixties and the Nineties ” . In Black Popular Culture , Edited by: Dent , G. Seattle : Bay Press .
- Davis , A. Y. 1998a . Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude “Ma” Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday , New York : Pantheon .
- Davis , A. Y. 1998b . “ Afro Images: Politics, Fashion, Nostalgia ” . In Soul: Black Power, Politics, and Pleasure , Edited by: Guiliory , M. and Green , Richard C. New York : New York University Press .
- Decker , J. L. 1993 . “ State of Rap ” . In Microphone Fiends , Edited by: Ross , A. and Rose , T. New York : Routledge .
- DeVeuax , S. K. 1997 . The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Dyson , M. E. 1994 . Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Feagin , J. and Sikes , M. 1995 . Living With Racism: The Black Middle Class Experience , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Gates , H. L. Jr. 1997 . Thirteen Ways at Looking at a Black Man , New York : Random House .
- George , N. 1986 . Where Did Our Love Go: the Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound , New York : St. Martin's Press .
- George , N. 1988 . The Death of Rhythm and Blues , New York : Omnibus .
- Gordy , B. 1994 . Be Loved: the Music, the Magic, the Memories of Motown: An Autobiography , New York : Warner Books .
- Gramsci , A. 1971 . Selections from the Prison Notebooks , London : Lawrence and Wishart .
- Harlan , L. R. 1983 . Booker T. Washington: the Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915 , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Janice , J. 1997 . Black Youths, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice , Westport, Conn. : Prager .
- Jones , L , Newman , L. and Isay , David . 1997 . Our America: Life and Death on the South Side of Chicago , New York : Scribner .
- Jones , L. 1963 . Blues People , New York : William Morrow .
- Jordan , J. 1986 . “ Cultural Nationalism in the 1960s: Politics and Poetry ” . In Race, Politics, and Culture: Critical Essays on the Radicalism of the 1960s , Edited by: Reed , A. Jr. New York : Greenwood Press .
- Kelley , R. D. G. 1994 . Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class , New York : Free Press .
- Kelley , R. D. G. 1996 . Yo’ Mama's Disfunktional!: Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Lemann , N. 1993 . Black Nationalism on Campus . The Atlantic , 27 (1) : 31 – 36 .
- Lipsitz , G. 1990 . Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
- Lincoln , E. E. 1973 . The Black Muslims in America , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Lusane , C. 1991 . Pipe Dream Blues: Racism and the War on Drugs , Boston : South End .
- Lusane , C. 1994 . African Americans at the Crossroads: the Restructuring of Black Leadership and the 1992 Elections , Boston : South End Press .
- Malcolm , X and Haley , A. 1992 . The Autobiography of Malcolm X , New York : Ballantine Books .
- Marable , M. 1985 . Black American Politics: From Washington Marches to Jesse Jackson , New York : Verso .
- Marable , M. 1997 . Black and White: Transforming African American Politics , New York : Verso .
- Massey , D. S. and Denton , N. 1993 . American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
- Mercer , K. 1991 . “1968”: Periodizing Politics and Identity ” . In Cultural Studies Edited by: Grossberg , L.
- Neal , M. A. 1998 . What the Music Said: Black Popular Music and the Black Public Sphere , New York : Routledge .
- Oliver , M. L. and Shapiro , T. M. 1995 . Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality , New York : Routledge .
- Patillo‐McCoy , M. 1999 . Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
- Record Industry Association of America . 2001 . Market Data: Consumer Trends .
- Reed , A. Jr. 1979 . Black Particularity Reconsidered . Telos , Spring : 71 – 93 .
- Reed , A. Jr. 1986 . The Jesse Jackson Phenomenon: the Crisis of Purpose in Afro‐American Politics , New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Reed , A. Jr. 1991 . The Rise of Louis Farrakhan . The Nation , January 21
- Strauss , N. 1999 . Rap Revolutionaries Plan an Internet Release . New York Times , April 16
- Taylor , C. 1981 . The LA Rebellion: New Spirit in American Film . Black Film Review ,
- U. S. Department of Commerce . 1999 . Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide
- Van Deberg , W. L. 1992 . New Day in Babylon: the Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975 , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Van Deberg , W. L. 1997 . Black Camelot: African American Culture Heroes in Our Time, 1960–1980 , Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
- Ward , B. 1998 . Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Watkins , S. C. 1998 . Representing: Hip Hop Culture and the Production of Black Cinema , Chicago : the University of Chicago Press .
- Welch , O. and Hodges , C. R. 1997 . Standing Outside on the Inside: Black Adolescents and the Construction of Academic Identity , Albany : State University of New York Press .
- Wilson , W. J. 1996 . When Work Disappears: the World of the New Urban Poor , New York : Knopf .
- Wood , J. 1992 . Malcolm X: In Our Own Image , New York : St. Martin's Press .