Review
Is Serum Gamma Glutamyltransferase a Marker of Oxidative Stress?

References

• Kugelman, A., Choy, H.A., Liu, R., Shi, M.M., Gozal, E. and Forman, H.J. (1994) "Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is increased by oxidative stress in rat alveolar L2 epithelial cells", Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11, 586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, Y, Oakes, S.M., Williams, MC., Takahashi, S., Miura, T. and Joyce-Brady, M. (1997) "Nitrogen dioxide exposure activates gamma-glutamyl transferase gene expression in rat lung", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143,388–396.
   Google Scholar
• Karp, DR., Shimooku, K. and Lipsky, P.E. (2001) "Expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase protects ramos B cells from oxidation-induced cell death", J. Biol. Chem. 276, 3798–3804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield, J.B. (2001) "Gamma glutamyl transferase", Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 38, 263–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman, H.J., Liu, R.M. and Tian, L. (1997) "Glutathione cycling in oxidative stress", Lung Biol. Health Dis. 105, 99–121.
   Google Scholar
• Stark, A.A. (1991) "Oxidative metabolism of glutathione by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and peroxisome prolifer-ation: the relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis. A hypothesis", Mutagenesis 6, 241–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, A.A., Russell, J.J., Langenbach, R., Pagano, D.A., Zeiger, E. and Huberman, E. (1994) "Localization of oxidative damage by a glutathione-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase system in preneo-plastic lesions in sections of livers from carcinogen-treated rats", Carcinogenesis 15,343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolicchi, A., Tongiani, R., Tonarelli, P., Comporti, M. and Pompella, A. (1997) "Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-dependent lipid peroxidation in isolated hepatocytes and HepG2 hepatoma cells", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 22, 853–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drozdz, R., Parmentier, C., Hachad, H., Leroy, P., Siest, G. and Wellman, M. (1998) "Gamma-glutamyltransferase dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from a glutathione/ transferrin system", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 25, 786–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominici, S., Valentini, M., Maellaro, E., Del Bello, B., Paolicchi, A., Lorenzini, E., Tongiani, R., Comporti, M. and Pompella, A. (1999) "Redox modulation of cell surface protein thiols in U937 lymphoma cells: the role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-dependent H202 production and S-thiolation", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 27, 623–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieri, L., Dominici, S., Del Bello, B., Maellaro, E., Comporti, M., Paolicchi, A. and Pompella, A. (2003) "Redox modulation of protein kinase/phosphatase balance in melanoma cells: the role of endogenous and gamma-glutamyltransferase-dependent H202 production", Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1621(1), 76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maellaro, E., Dominici, S., Del Bello, B., Valentini, MA., Pieri, L., Perego, P., Supino, R., Zunino, F., Lorenzini, E., Paolicchi, A., Comporti, M. and Pompella, A. (2000) "Membrane gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity of melanoma cells: effects on cellular H202 production, cell surface protein thiol oxidation and NF-kB activation status", J. Cell Sci. 113,2671–2678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolicchi, A., Dominici, S., Pieri, L., Maellaro, E. and Pompella, A. (2002) "Glutathione catabolism as a signalling mechanism", Biochem. Pharmacol. 64, 1027–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke, R., Brand, A. and Strohmeyer, G. (1977) "Induction of hepatic microsomal gamma-glutamyltransferase activity following chronic alcohol consumption", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75, 718–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman, P., Jacobson, G., Barboriak, J.J. and Anderson, A.J. (1984) "Biochemical markers for alcoholism: sensitivity problems", Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 8, 253–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poikolainen, K., Karkkainen, P. and Pikkarainen, J. (1985) "Correlations between biological markers and alcohol intake as measured by diary and questionnaire in men", J. Stud. Alcohol 46, 383–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristenson, H., Ohm, J., Trell, E. and Hood, B. (1980) "Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase at screening and retrospective sickness day", Lancet 1, 1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, J., Olsen, P.S. and Thomsen, A.C. (1984) "Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, and erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume as indicators of alcohol consumption in liver disease", Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 19, 813–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, B., Kjellstrom, T., Ruter, G. and Kristenson, H. (1990) "Serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, alcohol, myocardial infarction and death (2): necessary to pay attention to serum GT in assessment of risks of myocardial infarction and death", Lakartidningen 87, 3295–3298.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nystrom, E., Bengtsson, C., Lindstedt, G., Lapidus, L., Lindquist, 0. and Waldenstrom, J. (1988) "Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in a Swedish female population. Age-related reference intervals; morbidity and prognosis in cases with raised catalytic concentration", Acta Med. Scand. 224, 79–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilssen, 0., Forde, 0.H. and Brenn, T. (1990) "The Tromso Study. Distribution and population determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase", Am. J. Epidemiol. 132, 318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D.H., Ha, M.H., Kim, J.H., Christiani, D.C., Gross, M., Steffes, M., Blomhoff, R. and Jacobs, D.R. (2003) "Gamma-glutamyltransferase and diabetes—a 4 year follow-up study", Diabetologia 46, 359–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D.H., Jacobs, DR., Gross, M., Kiefe, CJ., Roseman, J., Lewis, C.E. and Steffes, M. (2003) "Gamma glutamyltransfer-ase is a predictor of incident diabetes and hypertension: the CARDIA Study", Clin. Chem. 49, 1358–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannamethee, G., Ebrahim, S. and Shaper, A.G. (1995) "Gamma-glutamyltransferase: determinants and association with mortality from ischemic heart disease and all causes", Am. J. Epidemiol. 142, 699–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, H., Rothenbacher, D., Arndt, V, Schuberth, S., Fraisse, E. and Fliedner, T.M. (1997) "Distribution, determi-nants, and prognostic value of gamma-glutamyltransferase for all-cause mortality in a cohort of construction workers from southern Germany", Prey. Med. 26, 305–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, I.J., Wannamethee, S.G. and Shaper, A.G. (1998) "Prospective study of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of NIDDM", Diabetes Care 21, 732–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura, K., Nakagawa, H., Nakamura, H., Tabata, M., Nagase, H., Yoshida, M. and Kawano, S. (1994) "Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase level in predicting hypertension among male drinkers", J. Hum. Hypert ens. 8,445–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jousilahti, P., Rastenyte, D. and Tuomilehto, J. (2000) "Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, self-reported alcohol drinking, and the risk of stroke", Stroke 31, 1851–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, D. and Whitehead, T.P. (1989) "Effect of body mass and other factors on serum liver enzyme levels in men attending for well population screening", Ann. Clin. Biochem. 26, 393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Barneveld, T., Seidell, J.C., Traag, N. and Hautvast, J.G. (1989) "Fat distribution and gamma-glutamyl transferase in relation to serum lipids and blood pressure in 38-year old Dutch males", Fur. J. Clin. Nutr. 43, 809–818.
   Google Scholar
• Marchesini, G., Brizi, M., Morselli-Labate, A.M., Bianchi, G., Bugianesi, E., McCullough, A.J., Forlani, G. and Melchionda, N. (1999) "Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance", Am. J. Med. 107,450–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano, G., Pacini, G., Musso, G., Gambino, R., Mecca, F., Depetris, N., Cassader, M., David, E., Cavallo-Perin, P. and Rizzetto, M. (2002) "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association", Hepatology 35, 367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D.H., Gross, M. and Jacobs, D.R. (2004) "The association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with gamma glutamyl-transferase the CARDIA study", Clin. Chem. 50, 582–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, J.S., Chun, B.Y., Kam, S., Jacobs, D.R. and Lee, D.H. (2004) "Inverse associations of gamma glutamyltransferase with serum antioxidants", Free Radic. Biol. Med., Submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, D.H., Steffen, L.M. and Jacobs, D.R. (2004) "Association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and dietary factors: CARDIA study", Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79, 600–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima, T., Ohta, S., Fujita, H., Murayama, N. and Sato, A. (1994) "Carbohydrate-related regulation of the ethanol-induced increase in serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in adult men", Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakka, T.A., Nyyssonen, K. and Salonen, J.T. (1994) "Higher levels of conditioning leisure time physical activity are associated with reduced levels of stored iron in Finnish men", Am. J. Epidemiol. 140, 148–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, J.M. (1984) "Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease", Biochem. J. 219, 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneghini, R. (1997) "Iron homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23(5), 783–792.
   Google Scholar
• Minqin, R., Watt, F., Huat, B.T. and Halliwell, B. (2003) "Correlation of iron and zinc levels with lesion depth in newly formed atherosclerotic lesions", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34(6), 746–752.
   Google Scholar
• Leggett, B.A., Brown, N.N., Bryant, S.J., Duplock, L., Powell, L.W. and Halliday, J.W. (1990) "Factors affecting the concentrations of ferritin in serum in a healthy Australian population", Clin. Chem. 20, 1350–1355.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, M.P., Tutor, J.C., Sanjose, M.E., Porto, J.A., Fraga, J.M., Paz, J.M., Rodriguez-Segade, S., et al. (1987) "Cord serum gamma glutamyltransferase in newborns", Clin. Biochem. 20, 269–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nystrom, E., Bengtsson, C., Lindstedt, G., Lapidus, L., Lindquist, 0. and Waldenstrom, J. (1988) "Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase in a Swedish female population. Age-related reference intervals' morbidity and prognosis in cases with raised catalytic concentration", Acta Med. Scand. 224, 79–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilssen, 0., Forde, OB. and Brenn, T. (1990) "The Tromso Study. Distribution and population determinants of gamma-glutamyltransferase", Am. J. Epidemiol. 132, 318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mijovic, V., Contreras, M. and Barbara, J. (1987) "Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltrans-ferase (gamma-CT) activities in north London blood donors", J. Clin. Pathol. 40, 1340–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolio, TA., Burke, G.L., Savage, P.J., Jacobs, D.R., Jr., Sidney, S., Wagenknecht, L.E., Allman, R.M. and Tracy, R.P. (1992) "Sex- and race-related differences in liver-associated serum chemistry tests in young adults in the CARDIA study", Clin. Chem. 38, 1853–1859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch, C.A. and Huebers, H. (1982) "Perspectives in iron metabolism", N. Engl. J. Med. 306, 1520–1528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharski, L.R., Ornstein, Di., Woloshin, S. and Schwartz, L.M. (2000) "Association of age, sex, and race with body iron stores in adults: analysis of NHANES BI data", Am. Heart J. 140, 98–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederbaum, Al. (2002) "Introduction-serial review: alcohol, oxidative stress and cell injury", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31, 1524–1526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K.E., Kinter, UT., Oberley, T.D., Freeman, Mi., Frierson, H.F., Ridnour, L.A., Tao, Y., Oberley, LW. and Spitz, D.R. (1998) "Enhanced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase expression and selective loss of CuZn superoxide dismutase in hepatic iron overload", Free Radic. Biol. Med. 24, 545–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, MN., Wiseman, AL., Shi, Z.Z., Carter, B.Z., Barrios, R., Ou, C.N., Chevez-Barrios, P., Wang, Y., Habib, G.M., Goodman, J.C., Huang, S.L., Lebovitz, R.M. and Matzuk, MM. (1996) "Growth retardation and cysteine deficiency in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-deficient mice", Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7923–7926.
   Google Scholar
• Levasseur, R., Barrios, R., Elefteriou, F., Glass, D.A., II, Lieberman, MN. and Karsenty, G. (2003) "Reversible skeletal abnormalities in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-deficient mice", Endocrinology 144, 2761–2764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayatepek, E., Okun, J.G., Meissner, T., Assmann, B., Hammond, J., Zschocke, J. and Lehmann, W.D. (2004) "Synthesis and metabolism of leukotrienes in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase deficiency", J. Lipid Res., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Mayne, S.T. (2003) "Antioxidant nutrients and chronic disease: use of biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress status in epidemiologic research", J. Nutr. 133\(Suppl. 3), 933S–940S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhone, D.P. and White, F.M. (1976) "Effects of storage in the cold on activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase in serum", Clin. Chem. 22, 103–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar