Targeting the Cerebrovascular Large Neutral Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1) Isoform Using a Novel Disulfide-Based Brain Drug Delivery System

REFERENCES

• Brightman M. W., Reese T. S. Junctions between intimately apposed cell membranes in the vertebrate brain. J. Cell Biol. 1969; 40: 648–677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardridge W. M. New approaches to drug delivery through the blood-brain barrier. Trends Biotechnol. 1994; 12: 239–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leib W. R., Stein W. D. Simple diffusion across the membrane bilayer. Transport and Diffusion across Cell Membranes, W. D. Stein. Academic Press, New York 1986; 69–112
   Google Scholar
• Jette L., Tetu B., Beliveau R. High levels of p-glycoprotein in isolated brain capillaries. Biochim Biophys. Acta 1993; 1150: 147–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minn A., Ghersi-Egea J., Perrin R., et al. Drug metabolizing enzymes in brain and cerebral microvessels. Brain Res. Rev. 1991; 16: 65–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldendorf W. H. Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines and hexoses after arterial injection. Am. J. Physiol. 1971; 221: 1629–1639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith Q. R., Momma S., Aoyagi M., Rapoport S. I. Kinetics of neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 1987; 49: 1651–1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killian D. M., Chikhale P. J. Predominant functional activity of the large, neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) isoform at the cerebrovasculature. Neurosci. Lett. 2001; 306: 1–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segawa H., Fukasawa Y., Miyamoto K., et al. Identification and functional characterization of a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transporter with broad substrate selectivity. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 19745–19751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanai Y., Segawa H., Miyamoto K., et al. Expression cloning and characterization of a transporter for large neutral amino acids activated by the heavy chain of 4F2 antigen (CD98). J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273: 23629–23632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda M., Fernandez E., Torrents D., et al. Identification of a membrane protein, LAT-2, that co-expresses with 4F2 heavy chain, an L-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 19738–19744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boado R. J., Li J. Y., Nagaya M., et al. Selective expression of the large neutral amino acid transporter at the blood-brain barrier. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1999; 96: 12079–12084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardridge W. M. Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood-brain barrier. Physiol. Rev. 1983; 63: 1481–1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takada Y., Greig N. H., Vistica D. T., et al. Affinity of antineoplastic amino acid drugs for the large neutral amino acid transporter of the blood-brain barrier. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1991; 29: 89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chikhale E. G., Chikhale P. J., Borchardt R. T. Carrier-mediated transport of the anti-tumor agent acivicin across the blood-brain barrier. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995; 49: 941–945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig N. H., Momma S., Sweeney D. J., Smith Q. R., Rapoport S. I., et al. Facilitated transport of melphalan at the rat blood-brain barrier by the large neutral amino acid carrier system. Cancer Res. 1987; 47: 1571–1576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bree J. B. M. M., Audus K. L., Borchardt R. T. Carrier-mediated transport of baclofen across monolayers of bovine brain endothelial cells in primary culture. Pharm. Res. 1988; 5: 369–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz D. C., Fernstrom J. D. Diet and uptake of Aldomet by the brain: competition with natural large neutral amino acids. Science 1977; 197: 1014–1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nutt J. G., Woodward W. R., Hammerstad J. P., et al. The “on-off” phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Relation to levodopa absorption and transport. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 310: 483–488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirakawa K., Aki O., Tsujikawa T., Tsuda T. S-Alkylthioisothioureas I. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1970; 18: 235–242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saneyoshi M., Inomata M, Sekine T., et al. Synthetic nucleosides and nucleotides. X.1) Synthesis and biological activities of several purin-6-yl benzyl disulfides and their ribonucleosides. J. Pharm. Dyn. 1978; 1: 168–174
   Google Scholar
• Takada Y., Vistica D. T., Greig N. H. Rapid high-affinity transport of a chemotherapeutic amino acid across the blood-brain barrier. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 2191–2196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takasato Y., Rapoport S. I., Smith Q. R. An in situ brain perfusion technique to study cerebrovascular transport in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 1984; 247: H484–H493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killian D. M., Gharat L., Chikhale P. J. Modulation of blood-brain barrier interactions of amino acid-based anticancer agents. Drug Del. 2000; 7: 21–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killian D. M., Chikhale P. J. A bioreversible prodrug approach designed to shift mechanism of brain uptake for amino acid-based anticancer agents. J. Neurochem. 2001; 76: 966–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport S. I., Ohno K., Pettigrew K. D. Drug entry into the brain. Brain Res. 1979; 172: 354–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone C., Levit D. G. Capillary permeability to small solutes. Handbook of Physiology, E. M. Renkin, C. C. Michel. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD 1984; 411–466
   Google Scholar
• Pardridge W. M. Kinetics of competitive inhibition of neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurochem. 1977; 28: 103–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzer H., Heuber-Metzer S., Steinacker A., Struber J. Staining PO2 measurement sites in the rat brain and quantitative morphometry of the surrounding capillary. Pfleugers Arch. 1980; 388: 21–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichel A., Begley D. J., Abbott N. J. Carrier-mediated delivery of metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands to the central nervous system: structural tolerance and potential of the L-system amino acid transporter at the blood-brain barrier. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2000; 20: 168–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar