A Comparative Permeation/Release Study of Different Testosterone Gel Formulations

REFERENCES

• Bals-Pratsch M., Knuth U. A., Yoon Y. D., Nieschlad E. Transdermal testosterone substitution therapy for male hypogonadism. Lancet 1986; 2: 943–946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner B., Mazzenga G. C., Otte J. H., Steffens R. J., Juang R. H., Ebert C. D. Ethanol: water mutually enhanced transdermal therapeutic system II: skin permeation of ethanol and nitroglycerin. J. Pharm. Sci. 1989; 78: 402–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan T. C. Percutaneous penetration enhancers: an update. Biennial Int Conf Perspect Percutaneous Penetration 2005; 9: 18–22
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham G. R., Cordero E., Thornby J. I. Testosterone replacement with trandermal therapeutic systems. Physiological serum testosterone and elevated dihydrotestosterone levels. J Am. Med. Assoc. 1989; 261: 2525–2530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobs A. S., Meikle A. W., Arver S., Sanders S. W., Caramelli K. E., Mazer N. A. Pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in comparison with bi-weekly injections of testosterone enanthate for the treatment of hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endoc. Metab. 1999; 84: 3469–3478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley R. E., Kottayil S. G., Palatchi O. Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating hypogonadism. U.S. Patent 651777[6,503,894], 2003
   Google Scholar
• HIV Hotline. Hepatic effects of 17 alpha-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroids. 1998; 8: 2–5
   Google Scholar
• Jockenhovel F. Testosterone therapy—what, when and to whom?. Aging Male 2004; 7: 319–324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan W. P. Allergy and topical irritation associated with transdermal testosterone administration: a comparison of scrotal and nonscrotal transdermal systems. Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 8: 108–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ko K. T., Needham T. E., Zia H. Emulson formulations of testosterone for nasal administration. J. Microencap. 1998; 15: 197–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurihara-Bergstrom T., Knutson K., DeNoble L. J., Goates C. Y. Percutaneous absorption enhancement of an ionic molecule by ethanol:water systems in human skin. Pharm. Res. 1990; 7: 762–766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey M. A., Conway A. J., Handelsman D. J. Tolerability of intramuscular injections of testosterone ester in oil vehicle. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10: 862–865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean-McDavitt D. S., Robertson J. D., Jay M. Monitoringthe in vitro delivery of proteins from carbomer hydrogels by x-ray fluorescence. Pharmaceutical Research. 2003; 20: 435–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Medical Letter, Inc. Androgel®. Medical Letter on Drug Therapies 2000; 42(1080)49–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meikle A. W., Arver S., Dobs A. S., Sanders S. W., Rajaram L., Mazer N. A. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system in hypogonadal men: influence of application site-a clinical research center study. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 1996; 81: 1832–1840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery D. C. Design and Analysis of Experiments. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1991
   Google Scholar
• Morales A., Lunenfeld B. Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males. Aging Male 2002; 5: 74–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mortazavi S. A., Aboofazeli R. An investigation into the effect of carbopols on the release of propranolol HCI from tablet matrices. Iranian J. Pharm. Res. 2003; 1: 23–27
   Google Scholar
• Noveon. Polymers in Semisolid Products. Noveon Inc, Cleveland 2001, http://www.pharma.noveon.com/literature/default.asp Retrieved on 05/12/04
   Google Scholar
• Noveon. Carbopol Ultrez 10 Polymer for Personal Care. Noveon, Inc, Cleveland 2002a, http://www.pharma.noveon.com/literature/default.asp#Tech Retrieved on 05/12/04
   Google Scholar
• Noveon. Product and Regulatory Guide. Noveon, Inc, Cleveland 2002b, http://www.pharma.noveon.com/literature/default.asp Retrieved on 05/12/04
   Google Scholar
• Pershing L. K., Lambert L. D., Knutson K. Mechanism of ethanol-enhanced estradiol permeation across human skin in vivo. Pharm. Res. 1990; 7: 170–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte-Beerbuhl M., Nieschlag E. Comparison of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in serum after injection of testosteron enanthate and testosterone cypionate. Ferti. Steril. 1980; 33: 201–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurmeyer T., Nieschlag E. Comparative pharmacokinetics of testosterone enanthate and testosterone cyclohexanecarboxylate as assessed by serum and salivary testosterone levels in normal men. Int. J. Androl. 1984; 7: 181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdloff R. S., Wang C., Cunningham G., Dobs A., Iranmanesh A., Matsmoto A. M., Snyder P. J., Weber T., Longstreth J., Berman N. Long-term pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 2000; 85: 4500–4510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C. Y., Statham B., Marks R., Payne P. A. Skin thickness measurement by pulsed ultrasound: its reproducibility, validation and variability. Br. J. Dermatol. 1982; 106: 657–667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenover J. L. Male hormone replaement therapy including “andropause. Endocrin. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 1998; 27: 969–987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas N. S., Panchagnula R. Transdermal deliery of zidovudine: effect of vehicles on permeation across rat skin and their mechanism of action. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2003; 18: 71–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi K. D. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New DelhiIndia 2000; 298–325
   Google Scholar
• Wang C., Berman N., Longstreth J. A., Chuapoco B., Hull L., Steiner B., Faulkner S., Dudley R. E., Swerdloff R. S. Pharmacokinetics of transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men: application of gel at one site vesus four sites: a general clinical research center study. J. Clin. Endocrin. Metab. 2000; 85: 964–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams A. C., Barry B. W. Penetration enhancers. Adv. Drug Del Rev. 2004; 56: 603–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson J. D. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Pregamon Press, Columbus, Ohio 1990; 1413
   Google Scholar