References
- Ahrens T, Assmann V, Fieber C, et al. (2001). CD44 is the principal mediator of hyaluronic-acid-induced melanoma cell proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 116:93–101.
- Alkhowailed MS, Otayf M, Albasseet A, et al. (2021). Clinical approach to linear hyperpigmentation: a review article. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 14:23–35.
- Bala HR, Lee S, Wong C, et al. (2018). Oral tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma: a review. Dermatol Surg 44:814–25.
- Batool S, Zahid F, Ud-Din F, et al. (2021). Macrophage targeting with the novel carbopol-based miltefosine-loaded transfersomal gel for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: in vitro and in vivo analyses. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 47:440–53.
- Brown MB, Jones SA. (2005). Hyaluronic acid: a unique topical vehicle for the localized delivery of drugs to the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 19:308–18.
- Chen Y, Zhang Z, Xin Y, et al. (2020). Synergistic transdermal delivery of nanoethosomes embedded in hyaluronic acid nanogels for enhancing photodynamic therapy. Nanoscale 12:15435–42.
- Cohen PR. (2018). Melasma treatment with oral tranexamic acid and a novel adjuvant topical therapy. Cutis 102:106.
- da Silva Souza ID, Lampe L, Winn D. (2021). New topical tranexamic acid derivative for the improvement of hyperpigmentation and inflammation in the sun-damaged skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 20:561–5.
- Din FU, Choi JY, Kim DW, et al. (2017). Irinotecan-encapsulated double-reverse thermosensitive nanocarrier system for rectal administration. Drug Deliv 24:502–10.
- Ho SG, Yeung CK, Chan NP, et al. (2011). A retrospective analysis of the management of acne post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation using topical treatment, laser treatment, or combination topical and laser treatments in oriental patients. Lasers Surg Med 43:1–7.
- Hsieh PW, Chen WY, Aljuffali IA, et al. (2013). Co-drug strategy for promoting skin targeting and minimizing the transdermal diffusion of hydroquinone and tranexamic acid. Curr Med Chem 20:4080–92.
- Hu S, Laughter MR, Anderson JB, Sadeghpour M. (2021). Emerging topical therapies to treat pigmentary disorders: an evidence-based approach. J Dermatolog Treat 1–23.
- Kim SJ, Park JY, Shibata T, et al. (2016). Efficacy and possible mechanisms of topical tranexamic acid in melasma. Clin Exp Dermatol 41:480–5.
- Li J, Chang C, Zhai J, et al. (2021). Ascorbyl palmitate effects on the stability of curcumin-loaded soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Food Biosci 41:100923.
- Mobasher P, Foulad DP, Raffi J, et al. (2020). Catamenial hyperpigmentation: a review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 13:18–21.
- Nautiyal A, Wairkar S. (2021). Management of hyperpigmentation: current treatments and emerging therapies. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res.
- Noh H, Lee SJ, Jo HJ, et al. (2020). Histidine residues at the copper-binding site in human tyrosinase are essential for its catalytic activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 35:726–32.
- Oh HR, Jo HY, Park JS, et al. (2016). Galactosylated liposomes for targeted co-delivery of doxorubicin/vimentin siRNA to hepatocellular carcinoma. Nanomaterials 6:141.
- Ohbayashi N, Fukuda M. (2020). Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of melanogenesis in melanocytes. F1000Res 9:608.
- Ookubo N, Michiue H, Kitamatsu M, et al. (2014). The transdermal inhibition of melanogenesis by a cell-membrane-permeable peptide delivery system based on poly-arginine. Biomaterials 35:4508–16.
- Peters A. (2005). The self-similarity of the melanocortin system. Endocrinology 146:529–31.
- Rohrich RJ, Cho MJ. (2018). The role of tranexamic acid in plastic surgery: review and technical considerations. Plast Reconstr Surg 141:507–15.
- Sabir F, Asad MI, Qindeel M, et al. (2019). Polymeric nanogels as versatile nanoplatforms for biomedical applications. J Nanomater 2019:1–16.
- Say PR, Tiblier SS, Conners MS. (2021). Hyperpigmentation of an atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque in a patient on chronic suppressive minocycline therapy. Ann Vasc Surg 75:533.e1–533.e4.
- Sebaaly C, Greige-Gerges H, Stainmesse S, et al. (2016). Effect of composition, hydrogenation of phospholipids and lyophilization on the characteristics of eugenol-loaded liposomes prepared by ethanol injection method. Food Biosci 15:1–10.
- Shenoy A, Madan R. (2020). Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of treatment strategies. J Drugs Dermatol 19:763–8.
- Silva EM, Barreiros L, Sá P, et al. (2017). Analytical methods for quantification of tranexamic acid in biological fluids: a review. Microchem J 134:333–42.
- Tawfic SO, Abdel Hay R, Salim H, Elmasry MF. (2021). Tranexamic acid versus fractional carbon dioxide laser in post‐acne hyperpigmentation. Dermatologic Therapy e15103.
- Taylor SC, Burgess CM, Callender VD, et al. (2006). Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: evolving combination treatment strategies. Cutis 78:6–19.
- Teng H, Fan X, Lv Q, et al. (2020). Folium nelumbinis (lotus leaf) volatile-rich fraction and its mechanisms of action against melanogenesis in B16 cells. Food Chem 330:127030.
- Vogel JP, Oladapo OT, Dowswell T, Gülmezoglu AM. (2018). Updated WHO recommendation on intravenous tranexamic acid for the treatment of post-partum haemorrhage. Lancet Glob Health 6:e18.
- Wang J, Hu X, Xiang D. (2018). Nanoparticle drug delivery systems: an excellent carrier for tumor peptide vaccines. Drug Deliv 25:1319–27.
- Wang JV, Jhawar N, Saedi N. (2019). Tranexamic acid for melasma: evaluating the various formulations. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 12:E73.
- Xing R, Mustapha O, Ali T, et al. (2021). Development, characterization, and evaluation of SLN-loaded thermoresponsive hydrogel system of topotecan as biological macromolecule for colorectal delivery. Biomed Res Int 2021:9968602.
- Yang JA, Kim ES, Kwon JH, et al. (2012). Transdermal delivery of hyaluronic acid – human growth hormone conjugate. Biomaterials 33:5947–54.
- Zhang Z, Chen Y, Xu H, et al. (2016). 5-Aminolevulinic acid loaded ethosomal vesicles with high entrapment efficiency for in vitro topical transdermal delivery and photodynamic therapy of hypertrophic scars. Nanoscale 8:19270–9.
- Zhang LQ, Zhang XP, Hao YY, et al. (2020). Codelivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in a microneedle patch for the treatment of skin pigmentation. J Ind Eng Chem 88:241–50.