Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations on Factors Contributing to Cybersex Addiction From a Cognitive-Behavioral View

REFERENCES

• Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft, J., Graham, C.A., Janssen, E., & Sanders, S.A. (2009). The dual control model: Current status and future directions. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 121–142. doi:10.1080/00224490902747222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft, J., & Vukadinovic, Z. (2004). Sexual addiction, sexual compulsivity, sexual impulsivity, or what? Toward a theoretical model. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 225–234. doi:10.1080/00224490409552230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge, K.C., Robinson, T.E., & Aldridge, J.W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: “Liking,” “wanting,” and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, M., Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Schächtle, U., Schöler, T., & Altstötter-Gleich, C. (2011). Watching pornographic pictures on the Internet: Role of sexual arousal ratings and psychological-psychiatric symptoms for using Internet sex sites excessively. CyberPsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14, 371–377. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand, M., Young, K.S., & Laier, C. (2014). Prefrontal control and Internet addiction: A theoretical model and review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 375. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, D.L., Janssen, E., Graham, C.A., Vorst, H., & Wicherts, J. (2010). The sexual inhibition/sexual excitation scales-short form SIS/SES-SF. In T.D. Fisher, C.M. Davis, W.L. Yarber, & S.L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures. (pp. 236–239). Abingdon, GB: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, B.L., & Tiffany, S.T. (1999). Meta-analysis of cue-reactivity in addiction research. Addiction, 94, 327–340. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9433273.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, H., Rae, C.D., Steel, A.H., & Winkler, A. (2012). Internet addiction: A brief summary of research and practice. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8, 292–298. doi:10.2174/157340012803520513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, A., Delmonico, D., Griffin-Shelley, E., & Mathy, R. (2004). Online sexual activity: An examination of potentially problematic behaviors. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 11, 129–143. doi:10.1080/10720160490882642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17, 187–195. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(00)00041-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmonico, D., & Miller, J. (2003). The Internet Sex Screening Test: A comparison of sexual compulsives versus non-sexual compulsives. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 18, 261–276. doi:10.1080/1468199031000153900
   Google Scholar
• Döring, N.M. (2009). The Internet's impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1089–1101. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, D.C. (2001). Theories of drug craving, ancient and modern. Addiction, 96, 33–46. doi:10.1080/09652140020016941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, F.D., & Thibaut, F. (2010). Sexual addictions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 254–260. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.503823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiadis, J.R., & Kringelbach, M.L. (2012). The human sexual response cycle: Brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. Progress in Neurobiology, 98, 49–81. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudriaan, A.E., de Ruiter, M.B., van den Brink, W., Oosterlaan, J., & Veltman, D.J. (2010). Brain activation patterns associated with cue reactivity and craving in abstinent problem gamblers, heavy smokers, and healthy controls: An fMRI study. Addiction Biology, 15, 491–503. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00242.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Gillespie, B.J., Royce, T., & Lever, J. (2011). Perceived consequences of casual online sexual activities on heterosexual relationships: A U.S. online survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 429–439. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9598-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubbs, J.B., Volk, F., Exline, J.J., & Pargament, K.I. (2013). Internet pornography use: Perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy37–41. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192
   Google Scholar
• Hald, G.M., & Malamuth, N.M. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 614–625. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9212-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, H., Goodrich, D., Wilson, M., & Janssen, E. (2014). The role of classical conditioning in sexual compulsivity: A pilot study. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 21, 75–91. doi:10.1080/10720162.2014.895460
   Google Scholar
• Holstege, G., Georgiadis, J.R., Paans, A.M. J., Meiners, L.C., van der Graaf, F.H. C. E., & Reinders, A.A. T. S. (2003). Brain activation during human male ejaculation. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 9185–9193. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e3280b10bfe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2011). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, E. (2011). Sexual arousal in men: A review and conceptual analysis. Hormones and Behavior, 59, 708–716. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, E., Prause, N., & Geer, J.H. (2007). The sexual response. In J.T. Cacioppo, L.G. Tassinary & G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 245–266). London, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kafka, M.P. (2010). Hypersexual disorder: A proposed diagnosis for DSM-V. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 377–400. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalmus, E., & Beech, A. (2005). Forensic assessment of sexual interest: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 193–217. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanfer, F., & Karoly, P. (1972). Self-control: A behavioristic excursion into the lion's den. Behavior Therapy, 3, 398–416. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(72)80140-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C.J., Tabbert, K., Walter, B., Kagerer, S., … Stark, R. (2009). Neural activations of the acquisition of conditioned sexual arousal: Effects of contingency awareness and sex. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 3071–3085. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01405.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, C.-H., Liu, G.-C., Hsiao, S., Yen, J.-Y., Yang, M.-J., Lin, W.-C., … Chen, C.-S. (2009). Brain activities associated with gaming urge of online gaming addiction. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43, 739–747. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.09.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kor, A., Zilcha-Mano, S., Fogel, Y.A., Mikulincer, M., Reid, R.C., & Potenza, M.N. (2014). Psychometric development of the Problematic Pornography Use Scale. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 861–868. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuss, D.J., & Griffiths, M.D. (2011). Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addiction Research & Theory, 116, 1–14. doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.588351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., & Brand, M. (2014). Sexual picture processing interferes with decision making under ambiguity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 473–482. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0119-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F.P., & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 100–107. doi:10.1556/JBA.2.2013.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laier, C., Pekal, J., & Brand, M. (2014). Cybersex addiction in heterosexual female users of Internet pornography can be explained by gratification hypothesis. CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17, 505–511. doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laier, C., Schulte, F.P., & Brand, M. (2013). Pornographic picture processing interferes with working memory performance. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 642–652. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.716873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalumiere, M.L., & Quinsey, V.L. (1998). Pavlovian conditioning of sexual interests in human males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 241–252. doi:10.1023/B:ASEB.0000007461.59019.d3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meerkerk, G.-J., van den Eijnden, R.J. J. M., & Garretsen, H.F. L. (2006). Predicting compulsive Internet use: It's all about sex! CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9, 95–103. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2011). MPlus (version 6.11). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, B., & Shim, J.W. (2008). Gender, sexual affect, and motivations for Internet pornography use. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20, 187–199. doi:10.1080/19317610802240154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawlikowski, M., Altstötter-Gleich, C., & Brand, M. (2013). Validation and psychometric properties of a German short version of Young's Internet Addiction Test. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1212–1223. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pies, R. (2009). Should DSM-V designate “Internet Addiction” a mental disorder? Psychiatry, 6, 31–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid, R.C., Garos, S., & Carpenter, B.N. (2011). Reliability, validity, and psychometric development of the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory in an outpatient sample of men. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18, 30–51. doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.555709
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, T.E., & Berridge, K.C. (2008). Review. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 363, 3137–3146. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, J. (2000). A qualitative study of cybersex participants: Gender differences, recovery issues, and implications for therapists. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 7, 249–278. doi:10.1080/10720160008403700
   Google Scholar
• Schreiber, J.B., Nora, A., Stage, F.K., Barlow, E.A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99, 323–337. doi:10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacker, R.E., & Lomax, R.G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3rd. ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy, K., Byers, E.S., & Walsh, L. (2011). Online sexual activity experience of heterosexual students: Gender similarities and differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 419–427. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9629-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodano, R., & Wulfert, E. (2009). Cue reactivity in active pathological, abstinent pathological, and regular gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26, 53–65. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9146-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spenhoff, M., Kruger, T.H. C., Hartmann, U., & Kobs, J. (2013). Hypersexual behavior in an online sample of males: Associations with personal distress and functional impairment. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10, 2996–3005. doi:10.1111/jsm.12160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoléru, S., Fonteille, V., Cornélis, C., Joyal, C., & Moulier, V. (2012). Functional neuroimaging studies of sexual arousal and orgasm in healthy men and women: A review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 1481–1509. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalemann, R., Wölfling, K., & Grüsser, S.M. (2007). Specific cue reactivity on computer game-related cues in excessive gamers. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121, 614–618. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiffany, S.T., & Wray, J.M. (2012). The clinical significance of drug craving. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1248, 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06298.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, A., Dörsing, B., Rief, W., Shen, Y., & Glombiewski, J.A. (2013). Treatment of Internet addiction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulfert, E., Maxson, J., & Jardin, B. (2009). Cue-specific reactivity in experienced gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 731–735. doi:10.1037/a0017134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, K.S. (2008). Internet sex addiction: Risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. American Behavioral Scientist, 52, 21–37. doi:10.1177/0002764208321339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, K.S. (2013). Treatment outcomes using CBT-IA with Internet-addicted patients. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 209–215. doi:10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar