1,318
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Perceived Addiction to Internet Pornography among Religious Believers and Nonbelievers

, , , &

References

  • Abell, J. W., Steenbergh, T. A., & Boivin, M. J. (2006). Cyberporn use in the context of religiosity. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 34, 165–171.
  • Ahrold, T. K., Farmer, M., Trapnell, P. D., & Meston, C. M. (2011). The relationship among sexual attitudes, sexual fantasy, and religiosity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 619–630. doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9621-4
  • Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10, 77–84.
  • Bradley, D. F., Exline, J. J., & Uzdavines, A. (2015). The God of nonbelievers: Characteristics of a hypothetical God. Science, Religion and Culture, 2, 120–130. doi:10.17582/journal.src/2015/2.3.120.130
  • Brand, M., Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Schächtle, U., Schöler, T., & Altstötter-Gleich, C. (2011). Watching pornographic pictures on the Internet: Role of sexual arousal ratings and psychological-psychiatric symptoms for using Internet sex sites excessively. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 371–377. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0222
  • Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
  • Carroll, J. S., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Nelson, L. J., Olson, C. D., Barry, C. M., & Madsen, S. D. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 6–30. doi:10.1177/0743558407306348
  • Cavaglion, G. (2008). Narratives of self-help of cyberporn dependents. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 15, 195–216. doi:10.1080/10720160802289157
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404
  • Cooper, A. (1998). Sexuality and the Internet: Surfing into the new millennium. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 1, 187–193. doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.187
  • Cooper, A., Scherer, C. R., Boies, S. C., & Gordon, B. L. (1999). Sexuality on the Internet: From sexual exploration to pathological expression. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 154–164. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.30.2.154
  • Cragun, R. T., Hammer, J. H., & Nielsen, M. (2015). The NonReligious-NonSpiritual Scale (NRNSS): Measuring everyone from Atheists to Zionists. Science, Religion and Culture, 2(3), 36–53. doi:10.17582/journal.src/2015/2.3.36.53
  • Cragun, R. T., Kosmin, B., Keysar, A., Hammer, J. H., & Nielsen, M. (2012). On the receiving end: Discrimination toward the non-religious in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 27, 105–127. doi:10.1080/13537903.2012.642741
  • Doane, M. J., & Elliott, M. (2015). Perceptions of discrimination among atheists: Consequences for atheist identification, psychological and physical well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7, 130–141. doi:10.1037/rel0000015
  • Döring, N. M. (2009). The Internet's impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1089–1101. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.04.003
  • Egan, V., & Parmar, R. (2013). Dirty habits? Online pornography use, personality, obsessionality, and compulsivity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39, 394–409. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2012.710182
  • Eliassen, A. H., Taylor, J., & Lloyd, D. A. (2005). Subjective religiosity and depression in the transition to adulthood. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 187–199. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00275.x
  • Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 208–222. doi:10.1037/a0036465
  • Gaddam, S., & Ogas, O. (2011). A billion wicked thoughts: What the world's largest experiment reveals about human desire. New York, NY: Dutton.
  • Galen, L. W. (2012). Does religious belief promote prosociality? A critical examination. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 876–906. doi:10.1037/a0028251
  • Galen, L. W., & Kloet, J. D. (2011). Mental well-being in the religious and the non-religious: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14, 673–689. doi:10.1080/13674676.2010.510829
  • Green, B. A., Carnes, S., Carnes, P. J., & Weinman, E. A. (2012). Cybersex addiction patterns in a clinical sample of homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual men and women. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19, 77–98. doi:10.1080/10720162.2012.658343
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addiction Research & Theory, 20, 111–124. doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.588351
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Hook, J. N., & Carlisle, R. (2015) Transgression as addiction: Religiosity and moral disapproval as predictors of perceived addiction to pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 125–136. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0257-z
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Volk, F., & Lindberg, M. J. (2015). Internet pornography use, perceived addiction, and religious/spiritual struggles. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Volk, F. (2012, August). Internet pornography and spiritual struggle: A preliminary analysis. Presentation at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.
  • Grubbs, J. B., Sessoms, J., Wheeler, D. M., & Volk, F. (2010). The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory: The development of a new assessment instrument. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17, 106–126. doi:10.1080/10720161003776166
  • Grubbs, J. B., Stauner, N., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Lindberg, M. J. (2015) Perceived addiction to Internet pornography and psychological distress: Examining relationships concurrently and over time. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Online first edition.
  • Grubbs, J. B., Volk, F., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Internet pornography use: Perceived addiction, psychological distress, and the validation of a brief measure. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41, 83–106. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2013.842192
  • Hald, G. M., & Malamuth, N. M. (2008). Self-perceived effects of pornography consumption. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 614–625. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9212-1
  • Hall, D. E., Koenig, H. G., & Meador, K. G. (2008). Hitting the target: Why existing measures of “religiousness” are really reverse-scored measures of “secularism.” Explore, 4, 368–373. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2008.08.002
  • Hill, P. C., Pargament, K. I., Hood, R. W., McCullough, M. E., Swyers, J. P., Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: Points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30, 51–77. doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00119
  • Hook, J. N., Reid, R. C., Penberthy, J. K., Davis, D. E., & Jennings, D. J. (2014). Methodological review of treatments for nonparaphilic hypersexual behavior. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 40, 294–308. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2012.751075
  • Hwang, K., Hammer, J. H., & Cragun, R. T. (2011). Extending religion-health research to secular minorities: Issues and concerns. Journal of Religion and Health, 50, 608–622. doi:10.1007/s10943-009-9296-0
  • John, O., Donahue, E., & Kentle, R. (1991). The Big Five Inventory—Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley, CA: Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley.
  • Jong, J. (2015). On (not) defining (non)religion. Science, Religion and Culture, 2, 15–24. doi:10.17582/journal.src/2015/2.3.15.24
  • Keysar, A. (2014). Shifts along the American religious-secular spectrum. Secularism and Nonreligion, 3, 1–16. doi:10.5334/snr.am
  • Koenig, H. G. (2008). Concerns about measuring “spirituality” in research. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 349–355. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31816ff796
  • Kosmin, B. A., Keysar, A., Cragun, R., & Navarro-Rivera, J. (2009). American nones: The profile of the no religion population: A report based on the American Religious Identification Survey 2008. Hartford, CT.
  • Lambe, J. L. (2004). Who wants to censor pornography and hate speech? Mass Communication and Society, 7, 279–299. doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0703_2
  • Levert, N. P. (2007). A comparison of Christian and non-Christian males, authoritarianism, and their relationship to Internet pornography addiction/compulsion. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 14, 145–166. doi:10.1080/10720160701354771
  • Ley, D., Prause, N., & Finn, P. (2014). The emperor has no clothes: A review of the “pornography addiction” model. Current Sexual Health Reports, 6, 94–105. doi:10.1007/s11930-014-0016-8
  • Lottes, I., Weinberg, M., & Weller, I. (1993). Reactions to pornography on a college campus: For or against? Sex Roles, 29, 69–89. doi:10.1007/BF00289997
  • Mitchell, K. J., Becker-Blease, K. A., & Finkelhor, D. (2005). Inventory of problematic Internet experiences encountered in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 498–509. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.36.5.498
  • Mochon, D., Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. (2011). Who benefits from religion? Social Indicators Research, 101, 1–15. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9637-0
  • Nelson, L. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carroll, J. S. (2010). “I believe it is wrong but I still do it”: A comparison of religious young men who do versus do not use pornography. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2, 136–147. doi:10.1037/a0019127
  • Pargament, K. I., Magyar, G. M., Benore, E., & Mahoney, A. (2005). Sacrilege: A study of sacred loss and desecration and their implications for health and well-being in a community sample. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44, 59–78. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00265.x
  • Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., Exline, J. J., Jones, J., & Shafranske, E. (2013). Envisioning an integrative paradigm for the psychology of religion and spirituality. In K. I. Pargament (Ed.-in-Chief), J. Exline & J. Jones (Assoc. Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology: APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Vol 1, Context, theory, and research (pp. 3–20). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Patterson, R., & Price, J. (2012). Pornography, religion, and the happiness gap: Does pornography impact the actively religious differently? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51, 79–89. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01630.x
  • Philaretou, A. G., Mahfouz, A. Y., & Allen, K. R. (2005). Use of Internet pornography and men's well-being. International Journal of Men's Health, 4(2), 149–169.
  • Poulsen, F. O., Busby, D. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 72–83. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.648027
  • Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 119–125. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198201) 38:1<119::AID-JCLP2270380118>3.0.CO;2-I
  • Sessoms, J., Grubbs, J. B., & Exline, J. J. (2011). The Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory: A comparison of a religious and secular sample. Poster presented at the 9th Annual Mid-Year Conference on Religion and Spirituality, Columbia, MD.
  • Shapiro, D. N., Chandler, J., & Mueller, P. A. (2013). Using Mechanical Turk to study clinical populations. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 213–220. doi:10.1177/2167702612469015
  • Short, M. B., Black, L., Smith, A. H., Wetterneck, C. T., & Wells, D. E. (2012). A review of Internet pornography use research: Methodology and content from the past 10 years. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 13–23. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0477
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Štulhofer, A., Buško, V., & Landripet, I. (2010). Pornography, sexual socialization, and satisfaction among young men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 168–178. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9387-0
  • Thomas, J. N. (2013). Outsourcing moral authority: The internal secularization of evangelicals’ anti-pornography narratives. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52, 457–475. doi:10.1111/jssr.12052
  • Twenge, J. M., Exline, J. J., Grubbs, J. B., Sastry, R., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). Generational and time period differences in American adolescents’ religious orientation, 1966–2014. PloS One, 10, e0121454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121454
  • Wilt, J. A., Cooper, E. B., Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Associations of perceived addiction to IP with religious/spiritual and psychological functioning. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
  • Winkler, A., Dörsing, B., Rief, W., Shen, Y., & Glombiewski, J. A. (2013). Treatment of Internet addiction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 317–329. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.12.005
  • Wright, P. J. (2011). U.S. males and pornography, 1973–2010: Consumption, predictors, correlates. Journal of Sex Research, 50, 60–71. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.628132
  • Wright, P. J., Bae, S., & Funk, M. (2013). United States women and pornography through four decades: Exposure, attitudes, behaviors, individual differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1131–1144. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0116-y
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2005). Exposure to Internet pornography among children and adolescents: A national survey. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8, 473–486. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.473
  • Young, K. S. (2008). Internet sex addiction: Risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. American Behavioral Scientist, 52, 21–37. doi:10.1177/0002764208321339
  • Zimbardo, P., & Coulombe, N. D. (2012). The demise of guys: Why boys are struggling and what we can do about it (Kindle version). Retrieved from http://amazon.com
  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., … Kadar, J. L. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 549–564. doi:10.2307/1387689

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.