The feasibility of an acute high-intensity exercise bout to promote locomotor learning after stroke

References

• Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G. Stroke rehabilitation. The Lancet. 2011;377(9778):1693–1702.10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60325-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kordelaar J, van Wegen E, Kwakkel G. Impact of time on quality of motor control of the paretic upper limb after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(2):338–344.10.1016/j.apmr.2013.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan PW, Goldstein LB, Matchar D, Divine GW, Feussner J. Measurement of motor recovery after stroke. Outcome assessment and sample size requirements. Stroke. 1992;23(8):1084–1089.10.1161/01.STR.23.8.1084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51(1):S225–239.10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleim JA, Barbay S, Nudo RJ. Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J Neurophysiol. 1998;80(6):3321–3325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nudo RJ, Wise BM, SiFuentes F, Milliken GW. Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct. Science. 1996;272(5269):1791–1794.10.1126/science.272.5269.1791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nudo RJ, Milliken GW. Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 1996;75(5):2144–2149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liepert J, Bauder H, Wolfgang HR, Miltner WH, Taub E, Weiller C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke. 2000;31(6):1210–1216.10.1161/01.STR.31.6.1210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin DN, Tseng SC, Whitall J, Morton SM. Poststroke hemiparesis impairs the rate but not magnitude of adaptation of spatial and temporal locomotor features. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2013;27(1):24–34.10.1177/1545968311434552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrell CM, Helm E, Reisman DS. Learning the spatial features of a locomotor task is slowed after stroke. J Neurophysiol. 2014;112(2):480–489.10.1152/jn.00486.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone LA, Bastian AJ. Spatial and temporal asymmetries in gait predict split-belt adaptation behavior in stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28(3):230–240.10.1177/1545968313505912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mang CS, Campbell KL, Ross CJ, Boyd LA. Promoting neuroplasticity for motor rehabilitation after stroke: considering the effects of aerobic exercise and genetic variation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Phys Ther. 2013;93(12):1707–1716.10.2522/ptj.20130053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter B, Breitenstein C, Mooren FC, et al. High impact running improves learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007;87(4):597–609.10.1016/j.nlm.2006.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roig M, Skriver K, Lundbye-Jensen J, Kiens B, Nielsen JB. A single bout of exercise improves motor memory. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44594.10.1371/journal.pone.0044594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skriver K, Roig M, Lundbye-Jensen J, et al. Acute exercise improves motor memory: exploring potential biomarkers. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2014;116:46–58.10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas R, Beck MM, Lind RR, et al. Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: the role of exercise timing. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:6205452.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas R, Flindtgaard M, Skriver K, et al. Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: does exercise type play a role? Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2017;27(11):1523–1532.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas R, Johnsen LK, Geertsen SS, et al. Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: the role of exercise intensity. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159589.10.1371/journal.pone.0159589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mang CS, Snow NJ, Wadden KP, Campbell KL, Boyd LA. High-intensity aerobic exercise enhances motor memory retrieval. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(12):2477–2486.10.1249/MSS.0000000000001040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow NJ, Mang CS, Roig M, McDonnell MN, Campbell KL, Boyd LA. The effect of an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on motor learning of a continuous tracking task. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0150039.10.1371/journal.pone.0150039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Medina JH. Reviews: BDNF and Memory formation and storage. The Neuroscientist. 2008;14(2):147–156.10.1177/1073858407305850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibon J, Barker PA. Neurotrophins and proneurotrophins. The Neuroscientist. 2017;1073858417697037.
   Google Scholar
• Ploughman M, Windle V, MacLellan CL, White N, Dore JJ, Corbett D. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor contributes to recovery of skilled reaching after focal ischemia in rats. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1490–1495.10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.531806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, et al. Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2009;94(10):1062–1069.10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman EM, Meeusen R. Neuroplasticity – exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Sports Med. 2010;40(9):765–801.10.2165/11534530-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szuhany KL, Bugatti M, Otto MW. A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;60:56–64.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos GL, Alcântara CC, Silva-Couto MA, García-Salazar LF, Russo TL. Decreased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Serum Concentrations in Chronic Post-Stroke Subjects. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016;25(12):2968–2974.10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roig M, Thomas R, Mang CS, et al. Time-Dependent Effects of Cardiovascular Exercise on Memory. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2016;44(2):81–88.10.1249/JES.0000000000000078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoykov ME, Madhavan S. Motor priming in neurorehabilitation. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2015;39(1):33–42.10.1097/NPT.0000000000000065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoykov ME, Corcos DM, Madhavan S. Movement-based priming: clinical applications and neural mechanisms. J Motor Behav. 2017;49(1):88–97.10.1080/00222895.2016.1250716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyne P, Dunning K, Carl D, Gerson M, Khoury J, Kissela B. Within-session responses to high-intensity interval training in chronic stroke. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(3):476–484.10.1249/MSS.0000000000000427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carl DL, Boyne P, Rockwell B, et al. Preliminary safety analysis of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in persons with chronic stroke. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(3):311–318.10.1139/apnm-2016-0369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang CE, MacDonald JR, Reisman DS, et al. Observation of amounts of movement practice provided during stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(10):1692–1698.10.1016/j.apmr.2009.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helm EE, Matt KS, Kirschner KF, Pohlig RT, Kohl D, Reisman DS. The influence of high intensity exercise and the Val66Met polymorphism on circulating BDNF and locomotor learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2017;144:77–85.10.1016/j.nlm.2017.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S. The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1975;7(1):13–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flansbjer UB, Holmback AM, Downham D, Patten C, Lexell J. Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(2):75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore G, Durstine JL, Painter P. ACSM's Exercise Management for Persons With Chronic Diseases and Disabilities. 4 ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, Inc.; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Pescatello LS. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 9 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2014:56–164.
   Google Scholar
• Goss FL, Robertson RJ, Haile L, Nagle EF, Metz KF, Kim K. Use of ratings of perceived exertion to anticipate treadmill test termination in patients taking beta-blockers. Percept Mot Skills. 2011;112(1):310–318.10.2466/06.10.15.PMS.112.1.310-318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg G. Ratings of perceived exertion and heart rates during short-term cycle exercise and their use in a new cycling strength test. Int J Sports Med. 1982;03(03):153–158.10.1055/s-2008-1026080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg G, Hassmén P, Lagerström M. Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987;56(6):679–685.10.1007/BF00424810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall MM, Rajasekaran S, Thomsen TW, Peterson AR. Lactate: Friend or Foe. PM R. 2016;8(3):S8–S15.10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.018
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Proia P, Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Fricano A, Di Liegro I. Lactate as a Metabolite and a Regulator in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(9):679–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman MQ, Gao V, Alberini CM. The role of lactate-mediated metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons in long-term memory formation. Front Integr Neurosci. 2016;10:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros LF. Metabolic signaling by lactate in the brain. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(7):396–404.10.1016/j.tins.2013.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer T, Schulte S, Sperlich B, Achtzehn S, Fricke H, Strüder HK. Lactate infusion at rest increases BDNF blood concentration in humans. Neurosci Lett. 2011;488(3):234–237.10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coco M, Alagona G, Rapisarda G, et al. Elevated blood lactate is associated with increased motor cortex excitability. Somatosens Mot Res. 2010;27(1):1–8.10.3109/08990220903471765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie L-A. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30(9):464–472.10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanz TA, Bove SE, Pilsmaker CD, et al. Robust changes in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein across the brain do not translate to detectable changes in BDNF levels in CSF or plasma. Biomarkers. 2012;17(6):524–531.10.3109/1354750X.2012.694476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Palacio-Schjetnan A, Escobar ML. Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;15:117–136.10.1007/978-3-642-36232-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar