Synergic effect of the combination of mirror therapy and electrical stimulation for lower extremity motor function recovery in stroke survivors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

References

• Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197–2223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982–3021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YJ, Li ZX, Gu HQ, et al. China stroke statistics 2019: a report from the national center for healthcare quality management in neurological diseases, China national clinical research center for neurological diseases, the Chinese stroke association, national center for chronic and non-communicable disease control and prevention, chinese center for disease control and prevention and institute for global neuroscience and stroke collaborations. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020;5:211–239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krishnamurthi RV, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, et al. Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet Global Health. 2013;1:e259–e281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmermans C, Roerdink M, van Ooijen MW, Meskers CG, Janssen TW, Beek PJ. Walking adaptability therapy after stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langhorne P, Coupar F, Pollock A. Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:741–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen stroke study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;76:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutbeyaz S, Yavuzer G, Sezer N, Koseoglu BF. Mirror therapy enhances lower-extremity motor recovery and motor functioning after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:555–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim MK, Ji SG, Cha HG. The effect of mirror therapy on balance ability of subacute stroke patients. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2016;34:27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji SG, Kim MK. The effects of mirror therapy on the gait of subacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29:348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Kim YM, Lee DK. The effects of action observation training and mirror therapy on gait and balance in stroke patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29:523–526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EE, Wolf SL. Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:224–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eraifej J, Clark W, France B, Desando S, Moore D. Effectiveness of upper limb functional electrical stimulation after stroke for the improvement of activities of daily living and motor function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2017;6:40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shariat A, Najafabadi MG, Ansari NN, et al. The effects of cycling with and without functional electrical stimulation on lower limb dysfunction in patients post-stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis. NeuroRehabilitation. 2019;44:389–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheffler LR, Chae J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in neurorehabilitation. Muscle Nerve. 2007;35:562–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasell RW, Bhogal SK, Foley NC, Speechley MR. Gait retraining post stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2003;10:34–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zeng W, Guo Y, Wu G, Liu X, Fang Q. Mirror therapy for motor function of the upper extremity in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50:8–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Z, Zhou Y, He H, et al. Synergistic effect of combined mirror therapy on upper extremity in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2020;11:155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc Biol Sci. 1996;263:377–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altschuler EL, Wisdom SB, Stone L, et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet. 1999;353:2035–2036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altschuler EL, Hu J. Mirror therapy in a patient with a fractured wrist and no active wrist extension. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2008;42:110–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thieme H, Morkisch N, Mehrholz J, et al. Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7:CD008449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafri M, Laufer Y. Therapeutic effects of functional electrical stimulation on gait in individuals post-stroke. Ann Biomed Eng. 2015;43:451–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salhab G, Sarraj AR, Saleh S. Mirror therapy combined with functional electrical stimulation for rehabilitation of stroke survivors’ ankle dorsiflexion. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016;2016:4699–4702.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hong Z, Sui M, Zhuang Z, et al. Effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on lower limbs of patients with hemiplegia after chronic stroke: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99:1011–1022 e1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonnell MN, Hillier SL, Miles TS, Thompson PD, Ridding MC. Influence of combined afferent stimulation and task-specific training following stroke: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21:435–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin KC, Huang PC, Chen YT, Wu CY, Huang WL. Combining afferent stimulation and mirror therapy for rehabilitating motor function, motor control, ambulation, and daily functions after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2014;28:153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd T, Bowen A, James M, Young G. National clinical guideline for stroke prepared by the intercollegia the stroke working party. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Health N, Excellence C. Functional electrical stimulation for drop foot of central neurological origin: National institute for health and clinical excellence, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• De Kroon JR, Ijzerman MJ, Chae J, Lankhorst GJ, Zilvold G. Relation between stimulation characteristics and clinical outcome in studies using electrical stimulation to improve motor control of the upper extremity in stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37:65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharififar S, Shuster JJ, Bishop MD. Adding electrical stimulation during standard rehabilitation after stroke to improve motor function. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2018;61:339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busk H, Stausholm MB, Lykke L, Wienecke T. Electrical stimulation in lower limb during exercise to improve gait speed and functional motor ability 6 months poststroke. A review with meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29:104565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi T, Sugawara K, Tanaka S, Yoshida N, Saito K, Tanabe S, et al. Real-Time Changes in Corticospinal Excitability during Voluntary Contraction with Concurrent Electrical Stimulation. PLoS One. 2012;77(9): e46122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaslavskaia S, Sinkjaer T. Motor cortex excitability following repetitive electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve depends on the voluntary drive. Exp Brain Res. 2005;162:497–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8:336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP, et al. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:2064–2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandian S, Arya KN, Kumar D. Minimal clinically important difference of the lower-extremity fugl-Meyer assessment in chronic-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2016;23:233–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawner K, LaVigne JM, Brunnstrom S. Brunnstrom’s movement therapy in hemiplegia: a neurophysiological approach, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Q, Guo F, Salem HMA, Chen H, Huang X. Effects of mirror therapy combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on motor recovery of lower limbs and walking ability of patients with stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31:1583–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Gou L, Guo H, Man H. The effect of mirror therapy combined with electromyography biofeedback on lower limb function of stroke patients with hemiplegia. Chinese Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitat. 2018; 40(04):278–281
   Google Scholar
• Li W, Long Y. Effect of mirror therapy on lower limb function of stroke patients. Chin J Rehabil Theory Pract. 2018; 24:571–574.
   Google Scholar
• Xu L, Suo G, Lin Z, Jin H, Wang Z. The effect of mirror therapy combined with electromyographic biofeedback on lower extremity motor function and balance function of subacute ischemic stroke patients. CHINA MEDICAL HERALD. 2018; 15(32):71–74
   Google Scholar
• Xu L, Zhou Y, Liu M, Lin L, Chen Q, Li H. Effects of mirror therapy on motor function of lower extremities and walking in subacute stroke patients. Chin J Rehabil Theory Pract. 2018;24:834–838.
   Google Scholar
• H. ZX, L. JL, al. Effect of imaging therapy combined with electronic biofeedback on stroke. Rehabil Med. 2020; 30(1): 34-39, 45.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson M, Garner P, Donegan S. Interpretation of subgroup analyses in systematic reviews: a tutorial. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2019;7:192–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee D, Lee G, Jeong J. Mirror Therapy with neuromuscular electrical stimulation for improving motor function of stroke survivors: a pilot randomized clinical study. Technol Health Care. 2016;24:503–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saavedra-Garcia A, Moral-Munoz JA, Lucena-Anton D. Mirror therapy simultaneously combined with electrical stimulation for upper limb motor function recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2020. doi:10.1177/0269215520951935:.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar