Spatiotemporal strategies adopted to walk at fast speed in high- and low-functioning individuals post-stroke: a cross-sectional study

References

• Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: a Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e146–e603.
   Google Scholar
• Sheffler LR, Chae J. Hemiparetic Gait. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2015;26(4):611–623. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2015.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ahmed S, et al. Disablement following stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 1999;21(5–6):258–268. doi:10.1080/096382899297684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian CK, Bowden MG, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Relationship Between Step Length Asymmetry and Walking Performance in Subjects With Chronic Hemiparesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88:43–49. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewek MD, Bradley CE, Wutzke CJ, Zinder SM. The Relationship Between Spatiotemporal Gait Asymmetry and Balance in Individuals With Chronic Stroke. J Appl Biomech. 2014;30(1):31–36. doi:10.1123/jab.2012-0208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei T-S, Liu P-T, Chang L-W, Liu S-Y. Gait asymmetry, ankle spasticity, and depression as independent predictors of falls in ambulatory stroke patients. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson KK, Parafianowicz I, Danells CJ, et al. Gait Asymmetry in Community-Ambulating Stroke Survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(2):304–310. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CM, Eng JJ. Symmetry in vertical ground reaction force is accompanied by symmetry in temporal but not distance variables of gait in persons with stroke. Gait Posture. 2003;18(1):23–28. doi:10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00122-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzik A, Drużbicki M, Przysada G, Kwolek A, Brzozowska-Magoń A, Sobolewski M. Relationships between walking velocity and distance and the symmetry of temporospatial parameters in chronic post-stroke subjects. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2017;19:147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad LN, Palmer JA, Pohlig RT, Binder-Macleod SA, Reisman DS. Walking speed and step length asymmetry modify the energy cost of walking after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2015;29(5):416–423. doi:10.1177/1545968314552528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson ÅG, Kamwendo K, Appelros P. Fear of falling in stroke patients: relationship with previous falls and functional characteristics. Int J Rehabil Res. 2008;31(3):261–264. doi:10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fba390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L. Falls Efficacy as a Measure of Fear of Falling. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):239–243. doi:10.1093/geronj/45.6.P239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van de Port IG, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. Community ambulation in patients with chronic stroke: how is it related to gait speed? J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(1):23–27. doi:10.2340/16501977-0114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grau-Pellicer M, Chamarro-Lusar A, Medina-Casanovas J, Serdà Ferrer B-C. Walking speed as a predictor of community mobility and quality of life after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2019;26(5):349–358. doi:10.1080/10749357.2019.1605751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyaert C, Vasa R, Frykberg GE. Gait post-stroke: pathophysiology and rehabilitation strategies. Neurophysiol Clin Neurophysiol. 2015;45:335–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickstein R. Review article: rehabilitation of gait speed after stroke: a critical review of intervention approaches. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008;22(6):649–660. doi:10.1177/1545968308315997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick AL, Buchanan CK, Nahin RL, et al. Associations of gait speed and other measures of physical function with cognition in a healthy cohort of elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(11):1244–1251. doi:10.1093/gerona/62.11.1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berezuk C, Zakzanis KK, Ramirez J, et al. Functional Reserve: experience Participating in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living is Associated with Gender and Functional Independence in Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis JAD. 2017;58(2):425–434. doi:10.3233/JAD-161227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danks KA, Pohlig R, Reisman DS. Combining Fast-Walking Training and a Step Activity Monitoring Program to Improve Daily Walking Activity After Stroke: a Preliminary Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97(9):S185–S193. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.01.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezayinejad M, Fatemi E, Ershad N, Phadke CP, Mohammadi R. Functional effects of treadmill-based gait training at faster speeds in stroke survivors. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017;40(3):275–278. doi:10.1097/MRR.0000000000000231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaman CB, Peterson CL, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Differences in self-selected and fastest-comfortable walking in post-stroke hemiparetic persons. Gait Posture. 2010;31(3):311–316. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamontagne A, Fung J. Faster Is Better. Stroke. 2004;35:2543–2548. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000144685.88760.d7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsdottir J, Recalcati M, Rabuffetti M, Casiraghi A, Boccardi S, Ferrarin M. Functional resources to increase gait speed in people with stroke: strategies adopted compared to healthy controls. Gait Posture. 2009;29:355–359. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.01.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrell CM, Roos MA, Rudolph KS, Reisman DS. Influence of Systematic Increases in Treadmill Walking Speed on Gait Kinematics After Stroke. Phys Ther. 2011;91:392–403. doi:10.2522/ptj.20090425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuys SS, Brauer SG, Ada L, Russell TG. Increasing intensity during treadmill walking does not adversely affect walking pattern or quality in newly-ambulating stroke patients: an experimental study. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54(1):49–54. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(08)70066-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonkers I, Delp S, Patten C. Capacity to Increase Walking Speed is Limited by impaired hip and ankle power generation in lower functioning persons post-stroke. Gait Posture. 2009;29:129–137. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal K, Clark DJ, Fox EJ, Rose DK. Does Falls Efficacy Influence the Relationship Between Forward and Backward Walking Speed After Stroke? Phys Ther. 2021;101(5). doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosén E, Sunnerhagen KS, Kreuter M. Fear of falling, balance, and gait velocity in patients with stroke. Physiother Theory Pract. 2005;21(2):113–120. doi:10.1080/09593980590922299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose DK. Biofeedback to Increase Propulsion During Walking After Stroke. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02667392. Accessed September 25, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Rose DK, DeMark L, Hoisington B. Backward Locomotor Training Post-Stroke: a Novel Intervention to Improve Gait Speed, Balance and Walking Endurance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(11):e74. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.09.224.
   Google Scholar
• Park EY, Choi YI. Psychometric Properties of the Lower Extremity Subscale of the Fugl-Myer Assessment for Community-dwelling Hemiplegic Stroke Patients. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014(26):1775–1777.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Bloemendaal M, Bout W, Bus SA, Nollet F, Geurts AC, Beelen A. Validity and reproducibility of the Functional Gait Assessment in persons after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2019;33(1):94–103. doi:10.1177/0269215518791000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokic DS, Horn TS, Ramshur JM, Chow JW. Agreement Between Temporospatial Gait Parameters of an Electronic Walkway and a Motion Capture System in Healthy and Chronic Stroke Populations. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;88(6):437–444. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181a5b1ec.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho KH, Lee HJ, Lee WH. Test-retest reliability of the GAITRite walkway system for the spatio-temporal gait parameters while dual-tasking in post-stroke patients. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(6):512–516. doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.932445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauzière S, Betschart M, Aissaoui R, Nadeau S. International Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Understanding Spatial and Temporal Gait Asymmetries in Individuals Post Stroke. Int J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;2:201.
   Google Scholar
• Perry J, Garrett M, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ. Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke. 1995;26(6):982–989. doi:10.1161/01.STR.26.6.982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellström K, Lindmark B. Fear of falling in patients with stroke: a reliability study. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(6):509–517. doi:10.1191/026921599677784567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasemi A, Zahediasl S. Normality tests for statistical analysis: a guide for non-statisticians. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;10(2):486–489. doi:10.5812/ijem.3505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. New York: Pearson Higher Ed; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlin ME, Fulwider BD, Sanders SL, Medeiros JM. Does fear of falling influence spatial and temporal gait parameters in elderly persons beyond changes associated with normal aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(9):1163–1167. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.9.1163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar