412
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Securitization of Higher Education Expansion in Authoritarian States: Uzbekistan’s Seemingly “Elite” Tertiary System

ORCID Icon

References

  • Ahmat, Sharom. 1980. “Nation Building and the University in Developing Countries: The Case of Malaysia.” Higher Education 9 (6): 721–41. doi:10.1007/BF02259978.
  • Ahn, Elise S, John Dixon, and Larissa Chekmareva. 2018. “Looking at Kazakhstan’s Higher Education Landscape: From Transition to Transformation between 1920 and 2015.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 199–227. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Altbach, Philip G. 1999. “The Logic of Mass Higher Education.” Tertiary Education & Management 5 (2): 107–24. doi:10.1080/13583883.1999.9966985.
  • AlterEgo. 2019. “Interview with Minister of Public Education of Uzbekistan. Big Interview.” Alter Ego. Accessed January 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=−5EXBwmW1cw&ab_channel=AlterEgo.
  • Anderson, Kathryn H, and Stephen P Heyneman. 2005. “Education and Social Policy in Central Asia: The Next Stage of the Transition.” Social Policy & Administration 39 (4): 361–80. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2005.00445.x.
  • Asian Development Dank, ADB. 2004. Education Reforms in Countries in Transition: Policies and Processes. Six Country Case Studies Commissioned by the Asian Development Bank in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. ADB.
  • Balzacq, Thierry. 2010. “A Theory of Securitization: Origins, Core Assumptions and Variants.” In Securitization Theory: How Security Problems Emerge and Dissolve, edited by Thierry Balzacq, 1–30. London, UK: Routledge.
  • BBC. 2016. BBC Archive: Student Protests in Tashkent 1992. https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/lotin/2016/01/160115_latin_bbc_archieve1_video
  • Bergh, Andreas, and Günther Fink. 2009. “Higher Education, Elite Institutions and Inequality.” European Economic Review 53 (3): 376–84. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2008.06.002.
  • Bill, McSweeney. 1996. “Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School.” Review of International Studies 22 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1017/S0260210500118467.
  • Brunner, Jose Joaquin, and Anthony Tillett. 2007. Higher Education in Central Asia; the Challenges of Modernization–An Overview. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Bulajeva, Tatjana, and Gabrielle Hogan-Brun. 2014. “Internationalisation of Higher Education and Nation Building: Resolving Language Policy Dilemmas in Lithuania.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35 (4): 318–31. doi:10.1080/01434632.2013.874431.
  • Buzan, Barry, and Ole Wæver and J. De Wilde. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, Barry, and Ole Waever. 2003. Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, vol. 91. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chapman, Bruce, and Chris Ryan. 2005. “The Access Implications of Income-Contingent Charges for Higher Education: Lessons from Australia.” Economics of Education Review 24 (5): 491–512. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.08.009.
  • Chowdhury, Sunandan Roy. 2017. Politics, Policy and Higher Education in India. Springer Singapore.
  • Christou, Odysseas, and Constantinos Adamides. 2013. “Energy Securitization and Desecuritization in the New Middle East.” Security Dialogue 44 (5–6): 507–22. doi:10.1177/0967010613499786.
  • Collins, Alan. 2005. “Securitization, Frankenstein’s Monster and Malaysian Education.” The Pacific Review 18 (4): 567–88. doi:10.1080/09512740500339034.
  • DeYoung, Alan J., Zumrad Kataeva, and Dilrabo Jonbekova. 2018. “Higher Education in Tajikistan: Institutional Landscape and Key Policy Developments.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 363–85. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • European Commission Erasmus+. 2017. Overview of the Higher Education System: Uzbekistan, European Union, Belgium.
  • Gazeta.uz. 2018. “In 10 Years Uzbekistan Must Become Education Hub of Central Asia.” Gazeta.uz. Accessed January 2, 2019. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2018/09/18/education/.
  • Gök, Enes. 2016. “The Turkish Higher Education System from the Kaleidoscope of Martin Trow.” Egitim Ve Bilim 41:184.
  • Golkar, Saeid. 2015. “Student Activism, Social Media and Authoritarian Rule in Iran.” In The Whole World Is Texting, 61–79. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Sense.
  • Huisman, Jeroen, Anna Smolentseva, and Isak Froumin. 2018. 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: Reform and Continuity. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • International Press-Club. 2019. “Press Klub 26. 06. 2019. O’zbekistonda Oliy Ta’lim Tizimi Toshkent.” International Press-Club of Uzbekistan. Accessed November 24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_dpdsbw4A0&t=1263s&ab_channel=InternationalPress-Club.
  • Isakhanli, Hamlet, and Aytaj Pashayeva. 2018. “Higher Education Transformation, Institutional Diversity and Typology of Higher Education Institutions in Azerbaijan.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 97–121. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • James, Richard. 2007. Social Equity in a Mass, Globalised Higher Education Environment: The Unresolved Issue of Widening Access to University, vol. 18. University of Melbourne, Centre for the Study of Higher Education, Melbourne.
  • Karimov, Islam. 1997. Uzbekistan on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century: Challenges to Stability and Progress. Tashkent: Uzbekistan Publishing House.
  • Karimov, Islam. 1998a. Uzbekistan on the Path to a Great Future: Basic Principles of Political and Economic Development of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” Publishing House.
  • Karimov, Islam. 1998b. Jamiyatimiz mafkurasi xalqni –xalq, millatni-millat qilishga xizmat etsin (Let the Ideology of Our Society Serve to Make the People - the People, the Nation - the Nation). Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” Publishing House.
  • Karimov, Islam. 1999a. Barkamol Avlod Orzusi. Uzbekistan: Sharq Publishing House.
  • Karimov, Islam. 1999b. Biz kelajagimizni o’z qo’limiz bilan quramiz (We Build Our Future with Our Own Hands). Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” Publishing House.
  • Karimov, Islam. 1999c. Barkamol Avlod Orzusi, (The Dream of a Perfect Generation). Tashkent: “Sharq” Publishing House.
  • Karimov, Islam. 2004. Tinchlik va xavfsizligimiz o’z kuch-qudratimizga, hamjihatligimiz va qat’iy irodamizga bog’liq (Our Peace and Security Depend on Our Own Strength, Solidarity and Determination). Tashkent: “Uzbekistan” Publishing House.
  • Khalmuradov, Rustam Ibragimovich. 2019. “Reforma vysshego obrazovaniya v Uzbekistane: Trudnosti i nadezhdy (Reform of Higher Education in Uzbekistan: Difficulties and Hopes).” Vyssheye Obrazovaniye Segodnya (Higher Education Today) 10:8–14.
  • Kivinen, Osmo, Juha Hedman, and Päivi Kaipainen. 2007. “From Elite University to Mass Higher Education: Educational Expansion, Equality of Opportunity and Returns to University Education.” Acta Sociologica 50 (3): 231–47. doi:10.1177/0001699307080929.
  • Koch, Natalie. 2014. “The Shifting Geopolitics of Higher Education: Inter/nationalizing Elite Universities in Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, and Beyond.” Geoforum 56:46–54. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.014.
  • Kruss, Glenda, Simon McGrath, Il-haam Petersen, and Michael Gastrow. 2015. “Higher Education and Economic Development: The Importance of Building Technological Capabilities.” International Journal of Educational Development 43:22–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.04.011.
  • Kun.uz. 2021. This Year, Applicants Will Be Given the Opportunity to Choose an Unlimited Number of Academic Programs, Accessed June 7. https://kun.uz/news/2021/03/18/bu-yil-abituriyentlarga-cheklanmagan-miqdorda-talim-yonalishini-tanlash-imkoni-berilishi-mumkin
  • LEX.UZ. 1997. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Education. In 464-I 29. 08. 1997. Lex.uz. https://www.lex.uz/docs/-16188
  • LEX.UZ. 2012. Ukaz Prezidenta Respubliki Uzbekistan O Dal’neyshem Sovershenstvovanii Sistemy Podgotovki I Attestatsii Nauchnykh i Nauchno-Pedagogicheskikh Kadrov Vysshey Kvalifikatsii, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. lex.uz. https://www.lex.uz/docs/203585
  • Li, Jun. 2009. “Fostering Citizenship in China’s Move from Elite to Mass Higher Education: An Analysis of Students’ Political Socialization and Civic Participation.” International Journal of Educational Development 29 (4): 382–98. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.10.001.
  • Lin, Syaru Shirley. 2015. Sunflowers and Umbrellas: Government Responses to Student-Led Protests in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Hong Kong: The ASAN Forum.
  • Lin, Tin-Chun. 2004. “The Role of Higher Education in Economic Development: An Empirical Study of Taiwan Case.” Journal of Asian Economics 15 (2): 355–71. doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2004.02.006.
  • Luckett, Kathy. 2016. “Curriculum Contestation in a Post-Colonial Context: A View from the South.” Teaching in Higher Education 21 (4): 415–28. doi:10.1080/13562517.2016.1155547.
  • Lui, Andrew. 2000. “Looking Back at Tiananmen Square.” Peace Review 12 (1): 139–45. doi:10.1080/104026500113935.
  • Majidov, Toshtemir, Dipak Ghosh, and Kobil Ruziev. 2010. “Keeping up with Revolutions: Evolution of Higher Education in Uzbekistan.” Economic Change and Restructuring 43 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1007/s10644-009-9077-5.
  • Malik Mansur, Voice of America 2011. “Uzbekistan: What Will the New Media Law Change?” Voice of America. Accessed January 4. https://www.amerikaovozi.com/a/uzbekistan-media-reforms-133993563/840871.html.
  • Mamatov, Jahongir. 1991. “7th Session of Parliament of Uzbeksitan Oliy Kengash.” Accessed December 20. https://jahonnoma.com/video/.
  • Mamatov, Jahongir. 2016. Karimovning Kirdikorlari (Karimov’s Wrongdoings). Lulu.com.
  • Mann, Laura. 2014. “Wasta! the Long-Term Implications of Education Expansion and Economic Liberalisation on Politics in Sudan.” Review of African Political Economy 41 (142): 561–78. doi:10.1080/03056244.2014.952276.
  • Megoran, Nicholas. 1997. “Problems and Possibilities for Higher Education in Uzbekistan: The English Department of Ferghana State University.” Central Asian Survey 16 (3): 353–62. doi:10.1080/02634939708400996.
  • Megoran, Nick. 2005. “The Critical Geopolitics of Danger in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 23 (4): 555–80. doi:10.1068/d56j.
  • Mhamed, Ali, Si Ait, Zane Vārpiņa, Indra Dedze, and Kaša Rita. 2018. “Latvia: A Historical Analysis of Transformation and Diversification of the Higher Education System.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 259–83. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Miah, Shamim. 2017. Muslims, Schooling and Security. Springer.
  • Mo’minov, Abduqodir. 2020. “Interview with Professor Khidirnazar Allaqulov.” Ko’zgu Channel. Accessed September 14, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M26C4EE6X90&ab_channel=Ko%27zgu.
  • Mostafa, Golam. 2009. “Higher Education in post-Soviet Central Asia: Search for New Identities.” International Conference of the Asian Philosophical Association, Jakarta.
  • Muhammad, Jahongir, (Mamatov). 2019. “Talk 143. Do We Have Fear in Our Genes?” Jahonnoma, November 26. https://jahonnoma.com/.
  • Murphy, Michael PA. 2020. “COVID-19 and Emergency eLearning: Consequences of the Securitization of Higher Education for Post-Pandemic Pedagogy.” Contemporary Security Policy 41 (3): 492–505. doi:10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749.
  • Naqvi, Naveed Hassan, and Igor Kheyfets. 2014. Uzbekistan-Modernizing Tertiary Education. The World Bank.
  • Neave, Guy R. 1985. “Elite and Mass Higher Education in Britain: A Regressive Model?” Comparative Education Review 29 (3): 347–61. doi:10.1086/446526.
  • Nguyen, Nicole. 2016. A Curriculum of Fear: Homeland Security in US Public Schools. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Nguyen, Nicole. 2020a. “On Geopolitics and Education: Interventions, Possibilities, and Future Directions.” Geography Compass 14 (9): e12500. doi:10.1111/gec3.12500.
  • Nguyen, Nicole. 2020b. “The School-Security Nexus and the Changing Geographies of the State.” In Handbook on the Changing Geographies of the State, edited by Sami Moisio, Natalie Koch, Andrew E.G. Jonas, Christopher Lizotte and Juho Luukkonen, 302–312. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • NPPT. 1997. “National Programme for Personnel Training.” In 463-I-son 29. 08.1997. Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan. https://www.lex.uz/docs/48401
  • Osipian, Ararat L. 2009. “Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Bloc.” International Journal of Educational Development 29 (3): 321–30. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.08.006.
  • Pannier, Bruce. 2016. “My Memories Of Karimov’s Uzbekistan.” Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, September 5. Accessed January 4, 2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/memories-of-karimovs-uzbekistan/27968072.html.
  • Platonova, Daria, and Dmitry Semyonov. 2018. “Russia: The Institutional Landscape of Russian Higher Education.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 337–62. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rasanayagam, Johan. 2010. Islam in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan: The Morality of Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rumyantseva, Nataliya L, and Olena I Logvynenko. 2018. “Ukraine: Higher Education Reforms and Dynamics of the Institutional Landscape.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 407–33. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ruziev, Kobil, and Umar Burkhanov. 2016. “Higher Education Reforms in Uzbekistan: Expanding Vocational Education at the Expense of Higher Education?” Higher Education in Russia and Beyond 8 (2). 14–15.
  • Ruziev, Kobil, and Umar Burkhanov. 2018. “Uzbekistan: Higher Education Reforms and the Changing Landscape since Independence.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 435–59. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Scott, Peter. 1995. The Meanings of Mass Higher Education. UK: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Scott, Peter. 2019. “Martin Trow’s Elite‐Mass‐Universal Triptych: Conceptualising Higher Education Development.” Higher Education Quarterly 73 (4): 496–506. doi:10.1111/hequ.12224.
  • Shadymanova, Jarkyn, and Sarah Amsler. 2018. “Institutional Strategies of Higher Education Reform in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan: Differentiating to Survive between State and Market.” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 229–57. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Shaw, Julie Keane, and Janelle Allison. 1999. “The Intersection of the Learning Region and Local and Regional Economic Development: Analysing the Role of Higher Education.” Regional Studies 33 (9): 896–902. doi:10.1080/00343409950075533.
  • Smolentseva, Anna. 2012. “Access to Higher Education in the Post-Soviet States: Between Soviet Legacy and Global Challenges.” Paper commissioned and presented at Salzburg Global Seminar, Session, Salzburg, Austria
  • Smolentseva, Anna, Jeroen Huisman, and Isak Froumin. 2018. “Transformation of Higher Education Institutional Landscape in Post-Soviet Countries: From Soviet Model to Where?” In 25 Years of Transformations of Higher Education Systems in Post-Soviet Countries, edited by J. Huisman et al., 1–43. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Swimelar, Safia. 2013. “Education in Post-War Bosnia: The Nexus of Societal Security, Identity and Nationalism.” Ethnopolitics 12 (2): 161–82. doi:10.1080/17449057.2012.656839.
  • Taureck, Rita. 2006. “Securitization Theory and Securitization Studies.” Journal of International Relations and Development 9 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800072.
  • Teichler, Ulrich. 1998. “Massification: A Challenge for Institutions of Higher Education.” Tertiary Education and Management 4 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1080/13583883.1998.9966942.
  • The TashkentTimes. 2017. “Uzbekistan’s Development Strategy for 2017–2021 Has Been Adopted following Public Consultation.” The Tashkent Times. Accessed June 1. http://tashkenttimes.uz/national/541-uzbekistan-s-development-strategy-for-2017-2021-has-been-adopted-following.
  • Trow, Martin. 1973. Problems in the Transition from Elite to Mass Higher Education. Berkeley, CA: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.
  • Trow, Martin. 1999. “From Mass Higher Education to Universal Access: The American Advantage.” Minerva 37: 303–28.
  • Trow, Martin. 2007. “Reflections on the Transition from Elite to Mass to Universal Access: Forms and Phases of Higher Education in Modern Societies since WWII.” In International Handbook of Higher Education, edited by J. J. F. Forest, and P. G. Altbach, 243–80. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Turonzamin. 2007. “1992 Yil, 16 Yanvar. Talabalar Shaharchasi.” Accessed November 17. https://turonzamin.org/2007/01/15/1992-yil-16-yanvartalabalar-shaharchasi/.
  • Ubaydullaeva, Dilnoza. 2020. “‘Franchise’ Branch Campuses in Uzbekistan: The Internationalisation of Higher Education as a Solution?” Central Asian Affairs 7 (2): 152–74. doi:10.30965/22142290-00702002.
  • Ubaydullaeva, Dilnoza. 2021a. “Political Liberalization and Emerging Civil Society in Uzbekistan: The Cases of Public Reaction to Demolition Program and the Use of Forced Labor.” Central Asian Affairs 7 (4): 340–55. doi:10.30965/22142290-BJA10011.
  • Ubaydullaeva, Dilnoza. 2021b. “Student Online Protests in Uzbekistan: Democratization of Higher Education as Concomitant to the COVID-19 Crisis?” Central Asian Survey 1–18. doi:10.1080/02634937.2021.1922358.
  • Underdal, Arild. 2010. “Implications of the Change from Elite to Mass or Multi-Purpose Institutions.” From Information to Knowledge, 45–51. Portland Press Limited.
  • UNESCO. 2020. “Participation in Education.” UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Accessed August 2, 2020. http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/uz.
  • UNICEF. 2020. Youth of Uzbekistan: Challenges and Prospects. Uzbekistan: UNICEF.
  • Vuori, Juha A. 2008. “Illocutionary Logic and Strands of Securitization: Applying the Theory of Securitization to the Study of Non-Democratic Political Orders.” European Journal of International Relations 14 (1): 65–99. doi:10.1177/1354066107087767.
  • Wæver, Ole. 2004. “Aberystwyth, Paris, Copenhagen: New Schools in Security Theory and the Origins between Core and Periphery.” International Studies Association Conference, Montreal.
  • Wang, Ru-Jer. 2003. “From Elitism to Mass Higher Education in Taiwan: The Problems Faced.” Higher Education 46 (3): 261–87. doi:10.1023/A:1025320312531.
  • Weidman, John C, and Brian Yoder. 2010. “Policy and Practice in Education Reform in Mongolia and Uzbekistan during the First Two Decades of the Post-Soviet Era.” Excellence in Higher Education 1: 57–68.
  • World Bank Group. 2020. “Tertiary School Enrollment (% Gross) - Uzbeksitan.” Accessed June 6, 2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?end=2018&locations=UZ&start=1986.
  • Wu, Bin, and Yongnian Zheng. 2008. “Expansion of Higher Education in China: Challenges and Implications.” Briefing Series 36 (1): 1–13.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.