Managing Ethnic Diversity in Post-Soviet Context: The Cases of Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan

References

• Anti-Extremist. 2020. Anti-Extremist Policies in Russia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan. Comparative Review. Moscow: SOVA Center.
   Google Scholar
• The All-Ukrainian Population Census of 2001. 2001. About Number and Composition Population of Ukraine. Accessed May 21, 2023. http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/.
   Google Scholar
• Aref’yev, A. 2018. “Russkoyazychnoye obrazovaniye na Ukraine – istoriya i sovremennost” [ The Russian-language education in Ukraine – history and contemporaniety]. Vestnik Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk 88 (12): 1090–1099.
   Google Scholar
• Arutyunova, E., and K. Zamyatin. 2021. “An Ethnolinguistic Conflict on the Compulsory Learning of the State Languages in the Republics of Russia: Policies and Discourses.” The International Journal of Human Rights 25 (5): 832–852. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1804368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baiburin, A. 2017. Sovetskiy pasport. Istoriya, struktura, praktiki [Soviet passport. History, structure, practices]. Saint Petersburg, Russia: Izdatel’stvo Evropeiskogo Universiteta.
   Google Scholar
• Batta, A. 2022. The Russian Minorities in the Former Soviet Republics. Secession, Integration, and Homeland. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Beissinger, M. R., and S. Kotkin, eds. 2014. Historical Legacies of Communism in Russia and Eastern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bespamiatnykh, N., A. Osipov, F. Prina, I. Pushkin, and H. Vasilevich. 2014. Politika upravleniya ethnokulturnym raznoobraziyem v Belarusi, Moldove i Ukraine [Policies of ethnocultural diversity diversity management in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine]. Vilnius, Lithuania: European Humanities University.
   Google Scholar
• Besters-Dilger, J., ed. 2008. Language Policy and Language Situation in Ukraine: Analysis and Recommendations. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Bilaniuk, L. 2005. Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blakkisrud, H. 2023. “Russkii as the New Rossiiskii? Nation-Building in Russia after 1991.” Nationalities Papers 51 (1): 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2022.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobrow, D. B. 2006. “Policy Design: Ubiquitous, Necessary and Difficult.” In Handbook of Public Policy, edited by B. G. Peters and J. Pierre, 75–95. London, UK: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Borelli, C., and F. Mattioli. 2013. “The Social Lives of Postsocialism.” Laboratorium 5 (1): 4–13.
   Google Scholar
• Bowring, B. 2019. “Minority Language Rights in the Russian Federation: The End of a Long Tradition?” In The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities, edited by G. Hogan-Brun and B. O’Rourke, 73–99. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bowring, B. 2012. “Russian Legislation in the Area of Minority Rights.” In Managing Ethnic Diversity in Russia, edited by O. Protsyk and B. Harzl, 15–36. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bowring, B. 2010. “The Russian Constitutional System: Complexity and Asymmetry.” In Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts, edited by M. Weller and K. Nobbs, 48–74. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Breslauer, G. W., and C. Dale. 1997. “Boris Yel’tsin and the Invention of a Russian Nation-State.” Post-Soviet Affairs 13 (4): 303–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.1997.10641441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R. 1996. Nationalism Reframed. Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R. 2011. “Nationalizing States Revisited: Projects and Processes of Nationalization in Post-Soviet States.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 34 (11): 1785–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.579137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brudny, Y. M., and E. Finkel. 2011. “Why Ukraine is Not Russia: Hegemonic National Identity and Democracy in Russia and Ukraine.” East European Politics and Societies 25 (4): 813–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325411401379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsson, N. 1989. The Organization of Hypocrisy. Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. Chichester, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce, V. 1999. Subversive Institutions: The Design and the Destruction of Socialism and the State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of National Statistics. 2023. “Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan.” National Censuses. Accessed May 21, 2023. https://stat.gov.kz/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Burkhanov, A. 2017. “Kazakhstan’s National Identity - Building Policy: Soviet Legacy, State Efforts, and Societal Reactions.” Cornell International Law Journal 50 (1): 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron, J.-F. 2019. “The Contemporary Politics of Kazakhisation: The Case of Astana’s Urbanism.” In Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy. Between Continuity and Rupture, edited by J.-F. Caron, 181–205. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cheskin, A., and A. Kachuyevski. 2021. The Russian-Speaking Populations in the Post-Soviet Space. Language, Politics and Identity. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Codagnone, C., and V. Filippov. 2000. “Equity, Exit and National Identity in a Multinational Federation: The “Multicultural Constitutional Patriotism” Project in Russia.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26 (2): 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830050022802.
   Google Scholar
• Commercio, M. E. 2010. Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan. The Transformative Power of Informal Networks. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cordell, K., T. Agarin, and A. Osipov, eds. 2013. Institutional Legacies of Communism – Change and Continuities in Minority Protection. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, S. N. 2005. Kazakhstan. Power and the Elite. London, UK: I.B.Tauris and Co Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Daminov, I. 2020. “Reassessing Classification of Kazakhstan’s Ethnic Management Model: A Comparative Approach.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 11 (2): 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1879366520925337.
   Google Scholar
• Dave, B. 2007. Kazakhstan. Ethnicity, Language and Power. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dawisha, K., and B. Parrott. 1994. Russia and the New States of Eurasia. The Politics of Upheaval. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, A. C. 2016. “Imagining Kazakhstani-Stan. Negotiations of Homeland and Titular-Nationality.” In Kazakhstan in the Making. Legitimacy, Symbols, and Social Changes, edited by M. Laruelle, 131–153. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Doktrina. 2010. “Doktrina natsional’nogo edinstsva Kazakhstana. Odobrena Administratsiyey Presidenta 29 aprelya 2010” [Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan. Approved by the Kazakhstan President’s Administration on April 29, 2010]. Accessed May 20, 2023. https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=30501158#pos=142;-41.
   Google Scholar
• Drobizheva, L. 2013. Etnichnost’ v sotsial’no-politicheskom prostranstve Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Opyt 20 let [Ethnicity in the socio-political space of the Russian federation]. Moscow, Russia: Novyy khronograf.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, P. 2000. Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fourth Advisory Committee Opinion on Ukraine. adopted on 10 March 2017, at ACFC/OP/IV(2017)002. Accessed May 29, 2023. www.coe.int/en/web/minorities/ukraine.
   Google Scholar
• Friedland, R., R. R. Alford. 1991. “Bringing Society Back in Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio, 232–266. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• George, J. A. 2009. “Expecting Ethnic Conflict. The Soviet Legacy and Ethnic Politics in the Caucasus and Central Asia.” In The Politics of Transition in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Enduring Legacies and Emerging Challenges, edited by A. E. Wooden and C. H. Stefes, 75–102. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Goode, J. P. 2019. “Russia’s Ministry of Ambivalence: The Failure of Civic Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Russia.” Post-Soviet Affairs 35 (2): 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2018.1547040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorenburg, D. P. 2003. Minority Ethnic Mobilization in the Russian Federation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graney, K. E. 1999. “Education Reform in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan: Sovereignty Projects in Post-Soviet Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 51 (4): 611–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668139998813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, H. E. 2000. “The Parade of Sovereignties: Testing Theories of Secession in the Soviet Setting.” British Journal of Political Science 30 (1): 3–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400000028.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. 2011. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. A Contextual Analysis. Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, F. 2000. “Toward an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet National Identities.” The Russian Review 59 (2): 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/0036-0341.00117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosking, G. 2006. Rulers and Victims. The Russians in the Soviet Union. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. 2019. Designing Public Policies. Principles and Instruments. 2nd ed. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., M. Ramesh, and A. Perl. 2020. Studying Public Policy: Principles and Processes. 4th ed. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Jankiewicz, S., N. Knyaginina, and F. Prina. 2020. “Linguistic Rights and Education in the Republics of the Russian Federation: Towards Unity through Uniformity.” Review of Central and East European Law 45 (1): 59–91. https://doi.org/10.1163/15730352-bja10003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jann, W., and K. Wegrich. 2007. “Theories of the Policy Cycle Handbook of Public Policy Analysis.” In Theory, Politics, and Methods, edited by F. Fischer, G. J. Miller, and M. S. Sidney, 43–62. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N. P. 2010. “‘Assembling’ A Civic Nation in Kazakhstan: The Nation-Building Role of the Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan.” Caucasian Review of International Affairs 4 (2): 159–168.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn, J. 2000. “The Parade of Sovereignties: Establishing the Vocabulary of the New Russian Federalism.” Post-Soviet Affairs 16 (1): 58–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2000.10641482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, J. 2002. Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kasianenko, N. 2021. “Presidential Rhetoric and Nationalism: Evidence from Russia and Ukraine.” Nationalities Papers 49 (1): 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasianov, G. G. 2021. “Ukraina kak ‘natsionaliziruyuschee(sya) gosudarstvo’: obzor praktik i rezultatov” [ Ukraine as a Nationalizing State: A Review of Practices and Results]. Sociologia Vlasti 33 (2): 117–137.
   Google Scholar
• Kivelson, V. A., and R. G. Suny. 2017. Russia’s Empires. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kolisnichenko, N., and A. Rosenbaum. 2009. “Building a New Democracy in Ukraine: The Unacknowledged Issue of Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity in Public Administration Education and Training.” Public Administration Review 69 (5): 932–940. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2009.02042.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P. 2000. Political Construction Sites. Nation-Building in Russia and the Post-Soviet States. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P. 2016. “The Ethnification of Russian Nationalism.” In The New Russian Nationalism. Imperialism, Ethnicity and Authoritarianism. 2000–15, edited by P. Kolstø and H. Blakkisrud, 18–45. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kudaibergenova, D. T. 2016. “Nationalizing Elites and Regimes. Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Authoritarian and Democratic Contexts.” In Kazakhstan in the Making. Legitimacy, Symbols, and Social Changes, edited by M. Laruelle, 113–129. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kulyk, V. 2001. “The Politics of Ethnicity in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Beyond Brubaker.” Journal of Ukrainian Studies 26 (1–2): 197–221.
   Google Scholar
• Kulyk, V. 2006. “Constructing Common Sense: Language and Ethnicity in Ukrainian Public Discourse.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2): 281–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500465512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillis, J. 2015. “Kazakhstan: Statehood Celebrations Remind Citizens Who’s Boss.” Eurasianet, October 13. Accessed May 23, 2023. https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-statehood-celebrations-remind-citizens-whos-boss.
   Google Scholar
• Marat, E., and B. Kassymbekova. 2023. “Reclaiming the Narrative Decolonizing Central Asian Studies for a More Inclusive Understanding.” APSA-Comparative Politics Newsletter XXXIII (2): 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, T. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy, J., and E. W. Aboultaif. 2022. “Power-Sharing Challenges: From Weak Adoptability to Dysfunction in Iraq.” Ethnopolitics 21 (3): 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2020.1739363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitin, D. 2008. “From Rebellion to Submission: The Evolution of Russian Federalism under Putin.” Problems of Post-Communism 55 (5): 49–61. https://doi.org/10.2753/PPC1075-8216550505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motyl, A. J. 1993. Dilemmas of Independence: Ukraine after Totalitarianism. New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations.
   Google Scholar
• Mulcahy, K. V. 2006. “Cultural Policy.” In Handbook of Public Policy, edited by B. G. Peters and J. Pierre, 265–279. London, UK: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Naseleniye 2010. “Naselenie, uchtennoe pri Vserossiyskoy perepisi naseleniya 2010 goda” [Population recorded at the 2010 census]. Accessed May 24, 2023. www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Nehrbass, A. C. 2020. “The Putinist Nation: Putin and Russian Nationalism as a Regime Strategy.” International Journal of Russian Studies 9 (2). Accessed May 23, 2023. www.ijors.net/issue9_2_2020/articles/nehrbass.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ó Beacháin, D., and R. Kevlihan. 2013. “Threading a Needle: Kazakhstan between Civic and Ethno-Nationalist State-Building.” Nations and Nationalism 19 (2): 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omelicheva, M. Y., ed. 2015. Nationalism and Identity Construction in Central Asia. Dimensions, Dynamics, and Directions. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Osipov, A. 2023. “Non-Territorial Autonomy in Northern Eurasia: Rooted or Alien?” Nationalities Papers 51 (1): 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2021.35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osipov, A., and H. Vasilevich, eds. 2017. Final Report: Participation of National Minorities in Public Life Including Their Interaction with Public Authorities. Flensburg: ECMI.
   Google Scholar
• Palermo, F. 2020. “The Elephant in the Room: Ukraine between Decentralization and Conflict.” Ethnopolitics 19 (4): 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449057.2020.1795473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panov, P. 2010. “Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Russia: What Kind of Nationalism Is Produced by the Kremlin.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 1 (2): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.001.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlenko, A. 2008. “Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries: Language Revival, Language Removal, and Sociolinguistic Theory.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 11 (3–4): 275–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802271517.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkin, H. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Podolian, O. 2020. “The Challenge of ‘Stateness’ in Estonia and Ukraine.” Doctoral diss., Södertörns högskola.
   Google Scholar
• Polese, A. 2010. “The Formal and the Informal: Exploring ‘Ukrainian’ Education in Ukraine, Scenes from Odessa.” Comparative Education 46 (1): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060903538673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polese, A. 2011. “Language and Identity in Ukraine: Was It Really Nation-Building?” Studies of Transition States and Societies 3 (3): 36–50.
   Google Scholar
• Pomeranz, W. E. 2018. Law and the Russian State: Russia’s Legal Evolution from Peter the Great to Vladimir Putin. London and New York, NY: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Poslaniye. 2012. “Poslaniye Prezidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan – Lidera Natsii N. A. Nazarbayeva Narodu Kazakhstana. Strategiya ‘Kazahstan-2050.’ Novy Politicheskiy Kurs Sostoyavshegosya Gosudarstva. 14 Dekabrya 2012.” Accessed May 23, 2023. www.akorda.kz/ru/official_documents/strategies_and_programs.
   Google Scholar
• Prina, F. 2016. National Minorities in Putin’s Russia. Diversity and Assimilation. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Protsyk, O., and B. Harzl, eds. 2012. Managing Ethnic Diversity in Russia. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rees, K. M., and N. W. Williams. 2017. “Explaining Kazakhstani Identity: Supraethnic Identity, Ethnicity, Language, and Citizenship.” Nationalities Papers 45 (5): 815–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1288204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• “Richnyi zvit pro stan dotrymannya Zakonu Ukrayiny ‘Pro zabezpechennya funkcionuvannya ukrayins’koyi movy yak derzhavnoyi’ u 2022 ‘rotsi’” [Annual report on the state of compliance with the law of Ukraine “On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language” in 2022]. Accessed May 29, 2023. https://mova-ombudsman.gov.ua/en/news/ukraine-under-martial-law-has-made-significant-progress-towards-the-state-language-report-of-the-commissioner.
   Google Scholar
• Roeder, P. G. 1991. “Soviet Federalism and Ethnic Mobilization.” World Politics 43 (2): 196–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, D. 2010. “Postsocialisms Unbound: Connections, Critiques, Comparisons.” Slavic Review 69 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0037677900016673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanova, V., and A. Umland. 2019. “Decentralising Ukraine: Geopolitical Implications.” Survival 61 (5): 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2019.1662108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapargaliev, G. 2006. Konstitutisonnoye pravo Respubliki Kazakhstan [Constitutional law of the Republic of Kazakhstan]. Almaty, Kazakhstan: Zheti Zhargy.
   Google Scholar
• Savin, I. 2009. “Kazakhstanskaya natsiya segodnya: osnovnye problemy i perspektivy” [ The Kazakhstani Nation Today: The Major Problems and Perspectives]. Vestnik Rossiiskoy Natsii 4 (6): 205–223.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V. A. 2010. “Taking Ideas and Discourses Seriously: Explaining Change through Discursive Institutionalism as the Fourth ‘New Institutionalism.’” European Political Science Review 2 (1): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175577390999021X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, A. L., and H. Ingram. 1997. Policy Design for Democracy. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schuster, J. M. 2003. Mapping State Cultural Policy: The State of Washington. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, Cultural Policy Center.
   Google Scholar
• Shevel, O. 2010. “The Post-Communist Diaspora Laws. Beyond the ‘Good Civic versus Bad Ethnic’ Nationalism Dichotomy.” East European Politics and Societies 24 (1): 159–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325409353182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shevel, O. 2011. “Russian Nation-Building from Yel’tsin to Medvedev: Ethnic, Civic or Purposefully Ambiguous?” Europe-Asia Studies 63 (2): 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2011.547693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slezkine, Y. 1994. “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism.” Slavic Review 53 (2): 414–452. https://doi.org/10.2307/2501300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. J. 2002. “Framing the National Question in Central and Eastern Europe: A Quadratic Nexus?” The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 2 (1): 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14718800208405119.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. 2013. Red Nations. The Nationalities Experience in and after the USSR. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G., V. Law, A. Wilson, A. Bohr, and E. Allworth. 1998. Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G. 1996. “The Soviet State and Nationalities Policy.” In The Nationalities Question in the Post-Soviet States, and G. Smith, 2–22. London; New York, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Stefan, S. 2017. “The Discipline of Minority Issues in the Russian Federation.” European Diversity and Autonomy Papers No 1. Accessed May 24, 2023. http://aei.pitt.edu/92773/.
   Google Scholar
• Suny, R. 1993. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tishkov, V. 1997. Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Tolz, V. 2001. Russia: Inventing the Nation. New York, NY: Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Treisman, D. S. 1997. “Russia’s 'Ethnic Revival': The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a 'Postcommunist Order.” World Politics 49 (2): 212–249. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tugzhanov, Y. 2013. “Institut Assamblei naroda Kazakhstana v kontekste sotsialnoi modernizatsii” [ The institute of assembly of people of Kazakhstan in the context of social modernization]. Pravo i Gosudarstvo 1 (58): 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tuminez, A. 2000. Russian Nationalism since 1856. Ideology and the Making of Foreign Policy. New York, NY: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Tutumlu, A., and Z. Imyarova. 2021. “The Kazakhstani Soviet Not? Reading Nazarbayev’s Kazakhstani-Ness through Brezhnev’s Soviet People.” Central Asian Survey 40 (3): 400–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2021.1926924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venice Commission. 2019. “CDL-Ad(2019)032-E. Ukraine - Opinion on the Law on Supporting the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language, Adopted by the Venice Commission at Its 121st Plenary Session (Venice, 6,7 December 2019).” Accessed May 27, 2023. www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2019)032-e.
   Google Scholar
• Way, L. A. 2003. “Weak States and Pluralism: The Case of Moldova.” East European Politics and Societies 17 (3): 454–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325403255309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijermars, M. 2019. Memory Politics in Contemporary Russia. Television, Cinema and the State. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Yusupova, G. 2018. “Cultural Nationalism and Everyday Resistance in an Illiberal Nationalising State: Ethnic Minority Nationalism in Russia.” Nations and Nationalism 4 (3): 624–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12366.
   Google Scholar
• Yusupova, G. 2022. “How Does the Politics of Fear in Russia Work? the Case of Social Mobilisation in Support of Minority Languages.” Europe-Asia Studies 74 (4): 620–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2021.1965094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakharov, A. 2012. “Sp’ashchiy institut”: federalism v sovremennoy rossii i v mire [“A sleeping institution”: Federalism in modern Russia and the world]. Moscow, Russia: Novoye Literaturnoye obozreniye.
   Google Scholar
• Zamyatin, K. 2014. An Official Status for Minority Languages? A Study of State Languages in Russia’s Finno-Ugric Republics. Helsinki, Finland: Finno-Ugrian Society.
   Google Scholar
• Zamyatin, K. 2018. “Russian-Speaking Nation? the Promotion of the Russian Language and Its Significance for Ongoing Efforts at the Russian Nation-Building.” In The Politics of Multilingualism: Linguistic Governance, Globalisation and Europeanisation, edited by F. Grin and P. A. Kraus, 39–64. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Zevelev, I. A. 2008. “Russia’s Policy toward Compatriots in the Former Soviet Union.” Russia in Global Affairs 6 (1). Accessed 23 May 2023. https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/russias-policy-toward-compatriots-in-the-former-soviet-union/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhumay, N., S. Tazhibayeva, A. Shaldarbekova, B. Jabasheva, A. Naimanbay, and A. Sandybayeva. 2021. “Multilingual Education in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Problems and Prospects.” Social Inclusion 9 (1): 56–62. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i1.3561.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar