References
- Agah , R. , Cherry , J. D. , Garakian , A. J. and Chapin , M. 1987 . Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection rate in personnel caring for children with RSV infections. Routine isolation procedure vs routine procedure supplemented by use of masks and goggles . American Journal of Diseases of Children , 141 : 695 – 7 .
- Aiello , A. E. , Murray , G. F. , Perez , V. , Coulborn , R. M. , Davis , B. M. , Uddin , M. , Shay , D. K. , Waterman , S. H. and Monto , A. S. 2010 . Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 201 : 494 – 8 .
- Bjcrn , E. and Nielsen , P. V. 2002 . Dispersal of exhaled air and personal exposure in displacement ventilated rooms . Indoor Air , 12 : 147 – 64 .
- Chao , C. Y.H. , Wan , M. P. , Morawska , L. and Johnson , G. R. 2009 . Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening . Aerosol Science , 40 ( 2 ) : 122 – 133 .
- Choudhury , D. 1993 . Introduction to the renormalization group method and turbulence modeling. Technical Memorandum TM-107 , Canonsburg , PA : Fluent Inc .
- Derrick , J. L. and Gomersall , C. D. 2005 . Protecting healthcare staff from severe acute respiratory syndrome: Filtration capacity of multiple surgical masks . Journal of Hospital Infection , 59 : 365 – 8 .
- Fabin , P. , McDevitt , J. J. , DeHaan , W. H. , Fung , R. O.P. , Cowling , B. J. , Chan , K. H. , Leung , G. M. and Milton , D. K. 2008 . Influenza virus in human exhaled breath: An observational study . Public Library of Science ONE , 3 ( 7 ) : e2691
- Gao , N. P. and Niu , J. L. 2006 . Transient CFD simulation of the respiration process and inter-person exposure assessment . Building and Environment , 41 ( 9 ) : 1214 – 22 .
- Gao , N. P. , Niu , J. L. and Morawska , L. 2008 . Distribution of respiratory droplets in enclosed environment under different air distribution methods . Building Simulation , 1 ( 4 ) : 326 – 35 .
- Guha , A. 2008 . Transport and deposition of particles in turbulent and laminar flow . Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics , 40 : 311 – 41 .
- Gupta , J. K. , Lin , C. H. and Chen , Q. Y. 2009 . Flow dynamics and characterization of a cough . Indoor Air , 19 : 517 – 25 .
- Hinds , W. C. 1999 . Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles , New York : Wiley . Chapter 6
- Huang , D. Y. 1977 . Physical diagnostics , China : Commerce Publishing Co .
- Höppe , P. 1981 . Temperatures of expired air under varying climatic conditions . International Journal of Biometeorology , 25 ( 2 ) : 127 – 32 .
- Jefferson , T. , Del Mar , C. , Dooley , L. , Ferroni , E. , Al-Ansary , L. A. , Bawazeer , G. A. , Driel , M. L. , Foxlee , R. and Rivetti , A. 2009 . Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review . British Medical Journal , 339 : b3675
- Knight , J. 2003 . Researchers get to grips with cause of pneumonia epidemic . Nature , 422 ( 6932 ) : 547 – 8 .
- Lai , A. C.K. and Nazaroff , W. W. 2000 . Modeling indoor particle deposition from turbulent flow onto smooth surfaces . Journal of Aerosol Science , 31 ( 4 ) : 463 – 76 .
- Lai , A. C.K. , Wang , K. and Chen , F. Z. 2008 . Experimental and numerical study on particle distribution in a two-zone chamber . Atmospheric Environment , 42 ( 8 ) : 1717 – 26 .
- Launder , B. E. and Spalding , D. B. 1974 . The numerical computation of turbulent flows . Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering , 3 ( 2 ) : 269 – 89 .
- Li , X. P. , Niu , J. L. and Gao , N. P . 2011 . Spatial distribution of human respiratory droplet residuals and exposure risk for the co-occupant under different ventilation methods . HVAC&R Research , 17 : 432 – 45 .
- Li , Y. , Leung , G. M. , Tang , J. W. , Yang , X. , Chao , C. , Lin , J. Z. , Lu , J. W. , Nielsen , P. V. , Niu , J. , Qian , H. , Sleigh , A. C. , Su , H. J. , Sundell , J. , Wong , T. W. and Yeun , P. L. 2007 . Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment—a multidisciplinary systematic review . Indoor Air , 17 ( 1 ) : 2 – 18 .
- Mui , K. W. , Wong , L. T. , Wu , C. L. and Lai , A. C.K. 2009 . Numerical modeling of exhaled droplet nuclei dispersion and mixing in indoor environments . Journal of Hazardous Materials , 167 ( 1–3 ) : 736 – 44 .
- Nielsen , P. V. , Winther , F. V. , Buus , M. and Thilageswaran , M. 2008 . Contaminant flow in the microenvironment between people under different ventilation conditions . ASHRAE Transaction , 114 ( 2 ) : 632 – 8 .
- Papavergos , P. G. and Hedley , A. B. 1984 . Particle deposition behavior from turbulent flows . Chemical Engineering Research and Design , 62 : 275 – 95 .
- Qian , H. , Li , Y. , Nielsen , P. V. , Hyldgaard , C. E. , Wong , T. W. and Chwang , A. T.Y. 2006 . Dispersion of exhaled droplets nuclei in a two-bed hospital ward with three different ventilation systems . Indoor Air , 16 ( 2 ) : 111 – 28 .
- Tang , J. W. , Liebner , T. J. , Craven , B. A. and Settles , G. S. 2009 . A Schlieren optical study of the human cough with and without wearing masks for aerosol infection control . Journal of the Royal Society Interface , 6 : S727 – 36 .
- Wan , M. P. and Chao , C. Y.H. 2007 . Transport characteristics of expiratory droplets and droplet nuclei in indoor environments with different ventilation airflow patterns . Journal of Biomechanical Engineering , 129 ( 3 ) : 341 – 53 .
- World Health Organization (WHO) . 2009 . Pandemic influenza preparedness and response: A WHO guidance document , Geneva : WHO .
- Xie , X. , Li , Y. , Chwang , A. T.Y. , Ho , P. L. and Seto , W. H. 2007 . How far droplets can move in indoor environments-revisiting the wells evaporation-falling curve . Indoor Air , 17 ( 3 ) : 211 – 25 .
- Zhu , S.W. , Kato , S. and Wang , J. H. 2006 . Study on transport characteristics of saliva droplets produced by coughing in a calm indoor environment . Building and Environment , 41 : 1691 – 1702 .