Advances in Imaging of Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injury

REFERENCES

• Ross JS, Brant-Zawadzki M, Moore KR, et al. Diagnostic Imaging: Spine. 1st ed. Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys Inc; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Nuñez DB Jr, Quencer RM. The role of helical CT in the assessment of cervical spine injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998; 171(4):951–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann FA, Cohen WA, Linnau KF, Hallam DK, Blackmore CC. Evidence-based approach to using CT in spinal trauma. Eur J Radiol. 2003; 48(1):39–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crim JR, Tripp D. Multidetector CT of the spine. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2004; 25(1):55–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffen MM, Frykberg ER, Kerwin AJ, et al. Radiographic clearance of blunt cervical spine injury: plain radiograph or computed tomography scan? J Trauma. 2003; 55(2):222–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sliker CW. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: imaging with multidetector CT angiography. Radiographics. 2008; 28(6): 1689–1708; discussion 1709–11710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman AL, Chason DP, Perez CL, McAnulty AL, Minei JP. Computed tomographic angiography for the diagnosis of blunt cervical vascular injury: is it ready for primetime? J Trauma. 2006; 60(5):925–929.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapiro MD. MR imaging of the spine at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2006; 14(1):97–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobs MA, Ibrahim TS, Ouwerkerk R. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorials for residents: MR imaging: brief overview and emerging applications. Radiographics. 2007; 27(4):1213–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitar R, Leung C, Perng R, et al. MR pulse sequences: what every radiologist wants to know but is afraid to ask. Radiographics. 2006; 26(2):513–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanmuganathan K, Gullapalli RP, Zhuo J, Mirvis SE. Diffusion tensor MR imaging in cervical spine trauma. AJNR Am I Neuroradiol. 2008; 29(4):655–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen H, Tang Y, Huang L, et al. Applications of diffusion-weighted MRI in thoracic SCI without radiographic abnormality. Int Orthop. 2007; 31(3):375–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Lerski RA, Gandy S, Clift BA, Abboud RJ. Safety of orthopedic implants in magnetic resonance imaging: an experimental verification. J Orthop Res. 2006; 24(9):1799–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shellock FG. Magnetic resonance safety update 2002: implants and devices. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002; 16(5): 485–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shellock FG, Spinazzi A. MRI safety update 2008: part 2, screening patients for MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008; 191 (4):1140–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Gomes AS, Arai AE, et al. Safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiovascular devices: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. Circulation. 2007; 116(24):2878–2891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanal E, Barkovich A), Bell C, et al. ACR guidance document for safe MR practices: 2007. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007; 188(6):1447–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes JF, Mirvis SE, Panacek EA, Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Velmahos GC, for the NEXUS Group. Variability in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical spine injuries. J Trauma. 2002; 53(3):524–529; discussion 530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Defino HL. Multiplanar reconstructions of helical computed tomography in planning of atlanto-axial transarticular fixation. Eur Spine J. 2005; 14(5): 493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretorius ES, Fishman EK. Volume-rendered three-dimensional spiral CT: musculoskeletal applications. Radiographics. 1999; 19(5): 1143–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasimatis GB, Panagiotopoulos E, Megas P, et al. The adult SCI without radiographic abnormalities syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings in adults with spinal cord injuries having normal radiographs and computed tomography studies. J Trauma. 2008; 65(1):86–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koyanagi I, Iwasaki Y, Hida K, Akino M, Imamura H, Abe H. Acute cervical cord injury without fracture or dislocation of the spinal column, j Neurosurg. 2000; 93(suppl 1):15–20.
   Google Scholar
• Miyanji F, Furlan JC, Aarabi B, Arnold PM, Fehlings MG. Radiology. Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome: prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology. 2007; 243(3):820–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni MV, FJ Bondurant FJ, Rose SL, Narayana PA. 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging of acute spinal trauma. Radiographics. 1988; 8(6):1059–1082.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leypold BG, Flanders AE, Burns AS. The early evolution of spinal cord lesions on MR imaging following traumatic spinal cord injury. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008; 29(5):1012–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuno Y, et al. Chronic injuries of the spinal cord: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology. 1990; 175(3):849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TT, Arias JM, Andrus HL, Quencer RM, Falcone SF, Green BA. Progressive posttraumatic myelomalacic myelopathy: treatment with untethering and expansive duraplasty. J Neurosurg. 1997; 86(4):624–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone S, Quencer RM, Green BA, Patchen SJ, Post MJ. Progressive posttraumatic myelomalacic myelopathy: imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15(4): 747–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter K, Saifuddin A. Pictorial review: MRI of chronic spinal cord injury. Br J Radiol. 2003; 76(905):347–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curati WL, Kingsley DP, Kendall BE, Moseley IF. MRI in chronic spinal cord trauma. Neuroradiology. 1992; 35(1): 30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao SK, Wasyliw C, Nunez DB Jr. Spectrum of imaging findings in hyperextension injuries of the neck. Radio- Graphics. 2005; 25(5):1239–1254.
   Google Scholar
• Patel RV, DeLong W Jr, Vresilovic EJ. Evaluation and treatment of spinal injuries in the patient with polytrauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004; May(422):43–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlas SW, Regenbogen V, LF Rogers LF, Kim KS. The radiographic characterization of burst fractures of the spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986; 147(3):575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Chen HH, Russell EJ, Rogers LF. Flexion teardrop fracture of the cervical spine: radiographic characteristics. AJR Am I Roentgenol. 1989; 152(2):319–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein MP, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K. Chance-type fractures of the thoracolumbar spine: imaging analysis in 53 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006; 187(4):859–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deliganis AV, Baxter AB, Hanson JA, et al. Radiologic spectrum of craniocervical distraction injuries. Radiographics. 2000; 20(special issue):S237–S250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustrin ES, Karakas SP, Orlando Ortiz AO, et al. Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics 2003; 23(3):539–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMarco JK, Huston J III, Nash AK. Extracranial carotid MR imaging at 3T. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2006; 14(1): 109–121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jewells V, Castillo M. MR angiography of the extracranial circulation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2003; 11(4): 585–597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taneichi H, Suda K, Kajino T, Kaneda K. Traumatically induced vertebral artery occlusion associated with cervical spine injuries: prospective study using magnetic resonance angiography. Spine. 2005; 30(17):1955–1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torina PJ, Flanders AE, Carrino JA, et al. Incidence of vertebral artery thrombosis in cervical spine trauma: correlation with severity of spinal cord injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005; 26(10):2645–2651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman D, Flanders A, Thomas C, Millar W. Vertebral artery injury after acute cervical spine trauma: rate of occurrence as detected by MR angiography and assessment of clinical consequences. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995; 164(2):443–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertinsky AT, Schwartz NE, Fischbein NJ, Rosenberg J, Albers GW, Zaharchuk G. Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008; 29(9):1753–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lum C, Chakraborty S, Schlossmacher M, et al. Vertebral artery dissection with a normal-appearing lumen at multisection CT angiography: the importance of identifying wall hematoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009; 30(4):787–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattany PM, Yezierski RP, Widerström-Noga EG, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the thalamus in patients with chronic neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 200;23(6):901–905.
   Google Scholar
• Holly LT, Freitas B, McArthur DL, Salamon N. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate spinal cord axonal injury in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009; 10(3): 194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wietek BM, Baron CH, Erb M, et al. Cortical processing of residual ano-rectal sensation in patients with spinal cord injury: an fMRI study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008; 20(5): 488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar