References
- Castro MJ, Apple DF Jr, Hillegass EA, Dudley GA. Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999;80: 373–378. doi:10.1007/s004210050606 doi: 10.1007/s004210050606
- Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Ketchum JM, Moore JR, Hackett LA, Gater DR. Exercise adherence during home-based functional electrical stimulation cycling by individuals with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2012;91: 922–930. doi:10.1097/PHM.0b013e318269d89f doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e318269d89f
- Dolbow DR, Gorgey AS, Khalil RK, Gater DR. Effects of a fifty-six month electrical stimulation cycling program after tetraplegia: case report. J Spinal Cord Med 2017;40(4): 485–488. doi:10.1080/10790268.2016.1234750 doi: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1234750
- Elder CP, Apple DF, Bickel CS, Meyer RA, Dudley GA. Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. Spinal Cord 2004;42: 711–716. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101652 doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101652
- Gorgey AS, Dudley GA. Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2007;45: 304–309. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101968 doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101968
- Gorgey AS, Dolbow DR, Gater DR Jr. A model of prediction and cross-validation of fat-free mass in men with motor complete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1240–1245.
- Spungen AM, Adkins RH, Stewart CA, Wang J, Pierson RN, Waters RL, et al. Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol 2003;95: 2398–2407. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00729.2002 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00729.2002
- Spungen AM, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Bauman WA. Soft tissue body composition differences in monozygotic twins discordant for spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol 2000;88: 1310–1315. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1310 doi: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1310
- Goodpaster BH. Mitochondrial deficiency is associated with insulin resistance. Diabetes 2013;62:1032–1035. doi:10.2337/db12-1612 doi: 10.2337/db12-1612
- Gorgey AS, Dolbow DR, Dolbow JD, Khalil RK, Castillo C, Gater DR. Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile: Part I. J Spinal Cord Med 2014;37: 693–702. doi:10.1179/2045772314Y.0000000245 doi: 10.1179/2045772314Y.0000000245
- Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: a model of premature aging. Metabolism 1994;43(6):749–756. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90126-0
- Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Invited review carbohydrate and lipid metabolism In chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2001;24(4):266–277. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2001.11753584
- Buchholz AC, Pencharz PB. Energy expenditure in chronic spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004;7(6):635–639. doi: 10.1097/00075197-200411000-00008
- Monroe MB, Tataranni PA, Pratley R, Manore MM, Skinner JS, Ravussin E. Lower daily energy expenditure as measured by respiratory chamber in subjects with spinal cord injury compared with control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(6):1223–1227. doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1223 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.6.1223
- Moore CD, Craven BC, Thabane L, Laing AC, Frank-Wilson AW, Kontulainen SA, et al. Lower-extremity muscle atrophy and fat infiltration after chronic spinal cord injury. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2015;15(1):32–41.
- Nightingale TE, Gorgey AS. Predicting basal metabolic rate in men with motor complete spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001548.
- Duckworth WC, Solomon SS, Jallepalli P, Heckemeyer C, Finnern J, Powers A. Glucose intolerance due to insulin resistance in patients with spinal cord injuries. Diabetes 1980;29(11):906–910. doi: 10.2337/diab.29.11.906
- Gater DR. Obesity after spinal cord injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2007;18(2):333–351. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2007.03.004 doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2007.03.004
- Gorgey AS, Gater DR. Prevalence of obesity after spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2007;12(4):1–7. doi:10.1310/sci1204-1 doi: 10.1310/sci1204-1
- Addison O, Marcus RL, Lastayo PC, Ryan AS. Intermuscular fat: a review of the consequences and causes. Int J Endocrinol 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/309570
- Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2548–2556. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0395 doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0395
- Manns PJ, McCubbin JA, Williams DP. Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1176–1181. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.020 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.11.020
- Ogawa M, Lester R, Akima H, Gorgey AS. Quantification of intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissue using magnetic resonance imaging after neurodegenerative disorders. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(12):2100–2105. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.221170
- Modlesky CM, Bickel CS, Slade, RA, Meyer, Cureton KJ, Dudley GA. Assessment of skeletal muscle mass in men with spinal cord injury using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. J Appl Physiol 2004;96: 561–565. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2003 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00207.2003
- Wade RC, Gorgey AS. Anthropometric prediction of skeletal muscle cross-sectional area in persons with spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol 2017;122(5):1255–1261. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01042.2016 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01042.2016
- Wade RC, Lester RM, Gorgey AS. Validation of anthropometric muscle cross-sectional area equation after spinal cord injury. Int J Sports Med 2018;39(5):366–373. doi:10.1055/s-0044-102133 doi: 10.1055/s-0044-102133
- Lester RM, Johnson K, Khalil RE, Khan R, Gorgey AS. MRI analysis and clinical significance of lower extremity muscle cross-sectional area after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2017;12:714–722. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.206634 doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.206634
- Mitsiopoulos N, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lyons W, Gallagher D, Ross R. Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:115–122. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.115 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.115
- Gibbs JC, Craven BC, Moore C, Thabane L, Adachi JD, Giangregorio LM. Muscle density and bone quality of the distal lower extremity among individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2015;21(4):282–293. doi:10.1310/sci2104-282 doi: 10.1310/sci2104-282
- Lee SY, Gallagher D. Assessment methods in human body composition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11: 566–572. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32830b5f23 doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32830b5f23
- Ross R. Advances in the application of imaging methods in applied and clinical physiology. Acta Diabetol 2003;40(Suppl 1): S45–S50. doi:10.1007/s00592-003-0025-y doi: 10.1007/s00592-003-0025-y
- Manini TM, Clark BC, Nalls MA, Goodpaster BH, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Harris TB. Reduced physical activity increases intermuscular adipose tissue in healthy young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:377–384. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.2.377 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.377
- Smith AC, Parrish TB, Abbott R, Hoggarth MA, Mendoza K, Chen YF, et al. Muscle-fat MRI: 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla versus histology. Muscle Nerve 2014;50:170–176. doi:10.1002/mus.24255 doi: 10.1002/mus.24255
- Gorgey AS, Mather KJ, Cupp HR, Gater DR. Effects of resistance training on adiposity and metabolism after spinal cord injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012;44(1):165–174. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822672aa doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822672aa
- Gorgey AS, Chiodo AE, Zemper ED, Hornyak JE, Rodriguez GM, Gater DR. Relationship of spasticity to soft tissue body composition and the metabolic profile in persons with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2010;33(1):6–15. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2010.11689669
- Gorgey AS, Cirnigliaro CM, Bauman WA, Adler RA. Estimates of the precision of regional and whole body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2018. doi:10.1038/s41393-018-0079-x.
- Genton L, Hans D, Kyle UG, Pichard C, MD. Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry and body composition: differences between devices and comparison with reference methods. Nutrition 2002;18(1):66–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00700-6 doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00700-6
- Kohrt WM. Preliminary evidence that DEXA provides an accurate assessment of body composition. J Appl Physiol 1998;84(1): 372–377. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.372 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.84.1.372
- Pietrobelli A, Formica C, Wang S, Heymsfield SB. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition model: review of physical concepts. Am J Physiol 1996;271(6 Pt 1):941–951. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.6.E941
- Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Gill R, O'Brien LC, Lavis T, Castillo T, et al. Effects of testosterone and evoked resistance exercise after spinal cord injury (TEREX-SCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017;7(4):e014125. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014125 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014125
- Gorgey AS, Khalil RE, Lester RM, Dudley GA, Gater DR. Paradigms of lower extremity electrical stimulation training after spinal cord injury. J Vis Exp 2018;1:132. doi:10.3791/57000.
- Delmonico MJ, Kostek MC, Johns J, Hurley BF, Conway JM. Can dual energy X-ray absorptiometry provide a valid assessment of changes in thigh muscle mass with strength training in older adults? Eur J Clin Nutr 2008;62(12):1372–1378. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602880 doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602880
- Shields RK, Schlechte J, Dudley-Javoroski S, Zwart BD, Clark SD, Grant SA, et al. Bone mineral density after spinal cord injury: a reliable method for knee measurement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(10): 1969–1973. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.06.001 doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.06.001
- Maden-Wilkinson TM, Degens H, Jones DA, McPhee JS. Comparison of MRI and DXA to measure muscle size and age-related atrophy in thigh muscles. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2013;13(3):320–328.
- O'Brien LC, Graham ZA, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Cardozo C, Gorgey AS. Plasma adiponectin levels are correlated with body composition, metabolic profiles, and mitochondrial markers in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2018;56(9):863–872. doi:10.1038/s41393-018-0089-8 doi: 10.1038/s41393-018-0089-8
- O'Brien LC, Chen Q, Savas J, Lesnefsky EJ, Gorgey AS. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial mass is linked to lipid and metabolic profile in individuals with spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017;117(11):2137–2147. doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3687-9
- Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, et al. Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20(6):1595–1599. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.20.6.1595 doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.20.6.1595
- O’Brien LC, Wade RC, Segal L, Chen Q, Savas J, Lesnefsky EJ, et al. Mitochondrial mass and activity as a function of body composition in individuals with spinal cord injury. Physiol Rep 2017;5(3). doi:http://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.1308 doi: 10.14814/phy2.13080
- Mettler FA, Huda W, Yoshizumi TT, Mahesh M. Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a Catalog. Radiology 2008;248(1):254–263. doi:10.1148/radiol.2481071451 doi: 10.1148/radiol.2481071451
- Butler AA, LeRoith D. Control of growth by the somatropic axis: growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles. Annu Rev Physiol 2001;63:141–164. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.141 doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.141