Similar fat and carbohydrate oxidation in response to arm cycling exercise in persons with spinal cord injury versus able-bodied

References

• Romijn JA, Coyle EF, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A, Horowitz JF, Endert E, Wolfe RR. Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration. Am J Physiol 1993;265(3 pt 1):E380–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks GA, Mercier J. Balance of carbohydrate and fat utilization during exercise: the crossover concept. J Appl Physiol 1994;76(6):2253–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggan AR, Coyle EF. Metabolism and performance following carbohydrate ingestion late in exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989;21(1):59–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien MJ, Vigiue CA, Mazzeo RS, Brooks GA. Carbohydrate dependence during marathon running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25(9):1009–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley DE, Simoneau JA. Impaired free fatty acid utilization by skeletal muscle in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1994;94:2349–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty BD, Furier SM, Ye J, Cooney GJ, Kraegen CJ. The role of intramuscular lipid in insulin resistance. Acta Physiol Scand 2003;178:373–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson SL, Hattersley J, Frost GS, Chambers ES, Wallis GA. Maximal fat oxidation during exercise is positively associated with 24-hour fat oxidation and insulin sensitivity in young, healthy men. J Appl Physiol 2015;118(11):1415–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkilde M, Nordby P, Nielsen LB, Stallknecht BM, Helge JW. Fat oxidation at rest predicts peak fat oxidation during exercise and metabolic phenotype in overweight men. Int J Obes 2010;34(5):871–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash MS, Groah SL, Gater DR, et al. Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk after spinal cord injury: clinical practice guideline for health care providers. J Spinal Cord Med 2019;42:1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libin A, et al. Cardiometabolic risk clustering in spinal cord injury: results of exploratory factor analysis. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2013;19(3):183–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haisma JA, van der Woude LH, Stam HJ, Bergen MP, Sluis TA, Bussmann JB. Physical capacity in wheelchair-dependent persons with a spinal cord injury: a critical review of the literature. Spinal Cord 2006;44:642–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons OL, Kressler J, Nash MS. Reference fitness values in the untrained spinal cord injury population. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014;95(12):2272–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Zhong YG, Rothstein JL, Petry C, Gordon SK. Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1992;30:697–703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garshick E, Kelley A, Cohen SA, Garrison A, Tun CG, Gagnon D, et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2005;43:408–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in chronic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2001;24(4):266–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myers J, Lee M, Kiratli J. Cardiovascular disease in spinal cord injury: an overview of prevalence, risk, evaluation, and management. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:142–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorgey AS, Lawrence J. Acute responses of functional electrical stimulation cycling on the ventilation-to-CO2 production ratio and substrate utilization after spinal cord injury. PMR 2016;8(3):225–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kjaer M, Pollack SF, Mohr T, Weiss H, Gleim GW, Bach FW, et al. Regulation of glucose turnover and hormonal responses during electrical cycling in tetraplegic humans. Am J Physiol 1996;271(1):R191–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid A, Huonker M, Stahl F, Barturen JM, König D, Heim M, et al. Free plasma catecholamines in spinal cord injured persons with different injury levels at rest and during exercise. J Auto Nerv Syst 1998;68(1–2):96–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sawka MN. Physiology of upper body exercise. Exerc Sports Sci Rev 1986;14:175–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs KA, Burns P, Kressler J, Nash MS. Heavy reliance on carbohydrate across a wide range of exercise intensities during voluntary arm ergometry in persons with paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med 2013;36(5):427–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knechtle B, Müller G, Willmann F, Eser P, Knecht H. Comparison of fat oxidation in arm cranking in spinal cord-injured people versus ergometry in cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;90(5):914–9.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson A, Elam M, Friberg P, Biering-Sorenson F, Sullivan L, Lonnroth P. Regulation of lipolysis by the sympathetic nervous system: a microdialysis study in normal and spinal cord-injured subjects. Metabolism 1997;46(4):388–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginis KA M, van der Scheer JW, Latimer-Cheung AE, Barrow A, Bourne C, Carruthers P, et al. Evidence-based scientific exercise guidelines for adults with spinal cord injury: an update and a new guideline. Spinal Cord 2018;56(4):308–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall LML, Moran CN, Milne GR, Wilson J, MacFarlane NG, et al. Fat oxidation, fitness and skeletal muscle expression of oxidative/lipid metabolism genes in South Asians: implications for insulin resistance? PLoS One 2010;5(12):e14197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groah SL, Nash MS, Ljungberg IH, Libin A, Hamm LF, Ward E, et al. Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2009;32(1):25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash MS, Tractenberg RE, Mendez AJ, David M, Ljungberg IH, Tinsley EA. Cardiometabolic syndrome in people with spinal cord injury/disease: guideline-derived and nonguideline risk components in a pooled sample. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016;97(10):1696–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham K, Yarar-Fisher C, Li J, McCully KM, Rimmer JH, Powell D, Bickel CS, et al. Effects of high-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity training on cardiometabolic health markers in individuals with spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2019;25(3):248–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astorino TA, Thum JS. Higher enjoyment in response to high intensity interval training in spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2018;41(1):77–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astorino TA, Bediamol N, Cotoia S, Ines K, Koeu N, Menard N, et al. Verification testing to confirm VO2max attainment in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2019;42(4):494–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeukendrup AE, Wallis GA. Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. Int J Sports Med 2005;1(Suppl ):S28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Nash MS, van de Ven I, van Elk N, Johnson BM. Effects of circuit resistance training on fitness attributes and upper-extremity pain in middle-aged men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88(1):70–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astorino TA, Harness ET. Substrate metabolism during exercise in the spinal cord injured. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009;106(2):187–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables MC, Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol 2005;98(1):160–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang J, Hoffman JR, Wendell M, Walker H, Hebert M. Effect of contraction frequency on energy expenditure and substrate utilization during upper and lower body exercise. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:31–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CW, Piehl K, Saltin B. Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men. J Appl Physiol 1972;33(3):312–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz JF, Klein S. Lipid metabolism during endurance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(2):558s–63s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung W, Yamasaki M. Effect pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion on substrate consumption in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2009;47(6):464–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman BC, Brooks GA. Respiratory gas-exchange ratios during graded exercise in fed and fasted trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol 1999;86(2):479–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stisen AB, Stougaard O, Langfort J, Helge JW, Sahlin J, Madsen K. Maximal fat oxidation rates in endurance trained and untrained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006;98(5):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkilde M, Reichkendler MH, Auerbach P, Bonne TC, Sjödin A, Ploug T, et al. Changes in peak fat oxidation in response to different doses of endurance training. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015;25(1):41–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astorino TA, Schubert MM, Palumbo E, Stirling D, McMillan DW. Effect of two doses of interval training on maximal fat oxidation in sedentary women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;45(10):1878–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan S, Du P, Zhao W, Pang J, Wang J. Exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity for older women with type 2 diabetes. Int J Sports Med 2018;39(5):374–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan S, Wang J, Cao L. Exercise training at the intensity of maximal fat oxidation in obese boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016;41(1):49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda N, Ruby BC, Gaskill SE. Substrate oxidation during incremental arm and leg exercise in men and women matched for ventilatory threshold. J Sports Sci 2006;24(12):1281–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar