Comparing the causes, circumstances and consequences of falls across mobility statuses among individuals with spinal cord injury: A secondary analysis

References

• Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms. Front Neurol 2019;10:282–282. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou S, Rabchevsky AG. Autonomic consequences of spinal cord injury. Compr Physiol Oct 2014;4(4):1419–1453. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scivoletto G, Tamburella F, Laurenza L, Torre M, Molinari M. Who is going to walk? A review of the factors influencing walking recovery after spinal cord injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2014;8:141–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon N, Gupta A, Khanna M, Taly AB. Ambulation following spinal cord injury and its correlates. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. Apr–Jun 2015;18(2):167–170. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-2327.150605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns AS, Marino RJ, Flanders AE, Flett H. Clinical diagnosis and prognosis following spinal cord injury. Handb Clin Neurol 2012;109:47–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00003-6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns SP, Golding DG, Rolle WA, Jr., Graziani V, Ditunno JF, Jr. Recovery of ambulation in motor-incomplete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(11):1169–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Pujol C, Laylor M, Unic N, Pakosh M, Dawe J, et al. Falls after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence proportion and contributing factors. Spinal Cord 2019;57(7):526–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh H, Scovil CY, Yoshida K, Oosman S, Kaiser A, Craven BC, et al. Factors that influence the risk of falling after spinal cord injury: a qualitative photo-elicitation study with individuals that use a wheelchair as their primary means of mobility. BMJ Open 2020;10:e034279–e034279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung J, Trace Y, Peterson EW, Sosnoff JJ, Rice LA. Falls among full-time wheelchair users with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis: a comparison of characteristics of fallers and circumstances of falls. Disabil Rehabil 2019;41(4):389–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2017.1393111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale CR, Cooper C, Aihie Sayer A. Prevalence and risk factors for falls in older men and women: the English longitudinal study of ageing. Age Ageing 2016;45(6):789–794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirrie M, Saini G, Angeles R, Marzanek F, Parascandalo J, Agarwal G. Risk of falls and fear of falling in older adults residing in public housing in Ontario, Canada: findings from a multisite observational study. BMC Geriatr 2020;20(1):11, doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1399-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharif SI, Al-Harbi AB, Al-Shihabi AM, Al-Daour DS, Sharif RS. Falls in the elderly: assessment of prevalence and risk factors. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2018;16(3):1206–1206. doi:https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2018.03.1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prudham D, Evans JG. Factors associated with falls in the elderly: a community study. Age Ageing Aug 1981;10(3):141–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/10.3.141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson LA, Miller WC, Eng JJ. Effect of stroke on fall rate, location and predictors: a prospective comparison of older adults with and without stroke. PLoS One 2011;6(4):e19431, doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack E, Ashburn A. Fall events described by people with Parkinson's disease: implications for clinical interviewing and the research agenda. Physiother Res Int 1999;4(3):190–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood BH, Bilclough JA, Bowron A, Walker RW. Incidence and prediction of falls in Parkinson's disease: a prospective multidisciplinary study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72(6):721–725. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.72.6.721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen V, Butler Forslund E, Opheim A, Franzén E, Wahman K, Hultling C, et al. Falls and fear of falling predict future falls and related injuries in ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury: a longitudinal observational study. J Physiother 2017;63(2):108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen V, Butler Forslund E, Franzen E, Opheim A, Seiger A, Stahle A, et al. Factors associated with recurrent falls in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury: a multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016;97(11):1908–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotherton SS, Krause JS, Nietert PJ. Falls in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2007;45(1):37–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh H, Shibi Rosen A, Bostick G, Kaiser A, Musselman KE. Exploring the causes and impacts of falls among ambulators with spinal cord injury using photovoice: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2020;10(8):e039763, doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice LA, Sung J, Peters J, Bartlo WD, Sosnoff JJ. Perceptions of fall circumstances, injuries and recovery techniques among power wheelchair users: a qualitative study. Clin Rehabil Jul 2018;32(7):985–993. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518768385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson A, Groer S, Palacios P, Mitchell D, Sabharwal S, Kirby RL, et al. Wheelchair-related falls in veterans with spinal cord injury residing in the community: a prospective cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91(8):1166–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh H, Scovil CY, Bostick G, Kaiser A, Craven BC, Jaglal SB, et al. Perspectives of wheelchair users with spinal cord injury on fall circumstances and fall prevention: a mixed methods approach using photovoice. PloS one 2020;15(8):e0238116–e0238116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslund EB, Jorgensen V, Franzen E, Opheim A, Seiger A, Stahle A, et al. High incidence of falls and fall-related injuries in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury: a prospective study of risk indicators. J Rehabil Med 2017;49(2):144–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forslund EB. Falls in wheelchair users with spinal cord injury – incidence, risks and concerns. Karolinska Institutet; 2017. https://openarchive.ki.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10616/45417/Thesis_Emelie_Butler_Forslund.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
   Google Scholar
• Jørgensen V. Falls in ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury. Karolinska Institutet; 2016. https://openarchive.ki.se/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10616/45247/Thesis_Vivien%20J%c3%b8rgensen.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders LL, Krause JS, DiPiro ND, Kraft S, Brotherton S. Ambulation and complications related to assistive devices after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2013;36(6):652–659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/2045772312Y.0000000082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Silfhout L, Hosman AJF, Bartels RHMA, Edwards MJR, Abel R, Curt A, et al. Ten meters walking speed in spinal cord–injured patients: does speed predict who walks and who rolls? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2017;31(9):842–850. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968317723751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbeau H, Nadeau S, Garneau C. Physical determinants, emerging concepts, and training approaches in gait of individuals with spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2006;23(3-4):571–585. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.23.571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschini M, Rampello A, Agosti M, Massucci M, Bovolenta F, Sale P, et al. Walking performance: correlation between energy cost of walking and walking participation. New statistical approach concerning outcome measurement. Plos One 2013;8(2):e56669, doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh H, Scovil CY, Yoshida K, Oosman S, Kaiser A, Jaglal SB, et al. Capturing the psychosocial impacts of falls from the perspectives of wheelchair users with spinal cord injury through photo-elicitation. Disabil Rehabil 2020: 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1709911.
   Google Scholar
• Unger J, Chan K, Scovil CY, Craven BC, Mansfield A, Masani K, et al. Intensive balance training for adults with incomplete spinal cord injuries: protocol for an assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther 2019;99(4):420–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Falls. Accessed December 3, 2020. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls#:~:text=A%20fall%20is%20defined%20as,floor%20or%20other%20lower%20level.
   Google Scholar
• Finlayson M, Egan M, Black C. Secondary analysis of survey data: a research method with potential for occupational therapists. Can J Occup Ther 1999;66(2):83–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/000841749906600204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanca MJ, Alarcón R, Arnau J, Bono R, Bendayan R. Non-normal data: is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema 2017;29(4):552–557. doi:https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musselman KE, Arora T, Chan K, Alavinia M, Bone M, Unger J, et al. Evaluating intrinsic fall risk factors after incomplete spinal cord injury: distinguishing fallers from nonfallers. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2021;3(1):100096–100096. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2020.100096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler Forslund E, Jorgensen V, Skavberg Roaldsen K, Hultling C, Wahman K, Franzen E. Predictors of falls in persons with spinal cord injury—a prospective study using the downton fall risk index and a single question of previous falls. Spinal Cord 2019;57(2):91–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41393-018-0175-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauer K, Lamb SE, Jorstad EC, Todd C, Becker C. Systematic review of definitions and methods of measuring falls in randomised controlled fall prevention trials. Age Ageing 2006;35(1):5–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unger J. Assessing and training reactive stepping for individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury or disease [Doctoral]. University of Toronto; 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/103380
   Google Scholar
• WHO. International classification of functioning, disability and health. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43737/?sequence=1.
   Google Scholar
• Hetz SP, Latimer AE, Ginis KA. Activities of daily living performed by individuals with SCI: relationships with physical fitness and leisure time physical activity. Spinal Cord 2009;47(7):550–554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson SKM, Hasler JP, Dall PM, Granat MH. Objective assessment of mobility of the spinal cord injured in a free-living environment. Spinal Cord 2008;46(5):352–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3102153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jörgensen S, Martin Ginis KA, Lexell J. Leisure time physical activity among older adults with long-term spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2017;55(9):848–856. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2017.26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice LA, Sung JH, Keane K, Peterson E, Sosnoff JJ. A brief fall prevention intervention for manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries: a pilot study. J Spinal Cord Med 2020;43(5):607–615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2019.1643070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaves ES, Boninger ML, Cooper R, Fitzgerald SG, Gray DB, Cooper RA. Assessing the influence of wheelchair technology on perception of participation in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(11):1854–1858. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen V, Roaldsen KS. Negotiating identity and self-image: perceptions of falls in ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury - a qualitative study. Clin Rehabil 2017;31(4):544–554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215516648751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musselman KE, Arnold C, Pujol C, Lynd K, Oosman S. Falls, mobility, and physical activity after spinal cord injury: an exploratory study using photo-elicitation interviewing. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2018;4:39–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41394-018-0072-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bladder management for adults with spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care providers. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(5):527–73.
   Google Scholar
• García Leoni ME, Esclarín De Ruz A. Management of urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injuries. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9(8):780–785. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00643.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amatachaya S, Pramodhyakul W, Wattanapan P, Eungpinichpong W. Ability of obstacle crossing is not associated with falls in independent ambulatory patients with spinal cord injury. Original article. Spinal Cord 2015;53(598). doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2015.22.
   Google Scholar
• Lam T, Noonan VK. Eng JJ, the SRT. A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2008;46(4):246–254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3102134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenman R, Tennekoon V, Hill LG. Measuring bias in self-reported data. Int J Behav Healthc Res 2011;2(4):320–332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBHR.2011.043414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar