Elucidating mechanisms of attenuated skin vasodilation during passive heat stress in persons with spinal cord injury

References

• Wong BJ, Hollowed CG. Current concepts of active vasodilation in human skin. Temperature (Austin) 2017;4(1):41–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson JM, Pergola PE, Liao FK, Kellogg DL, Jr., Crandall CG. Skin of the dorsal aspect of human hands and fingers possesses an active vasodilator system. J Appl Physiol 1995;78(3):948–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JM, Minson CT, Kellogg DJ, Jr. Cutaneous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor mechanisms in temperature regulation. Compr Physiol 2014;4(1):33–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg DL, Jr. In vivo mechanisms of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans during thermoregulatory challenges. J Appl Physiol 2006;100(5):1709–1718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JM, Kellogg DL, Jr. Thermoregulatory and thermal control in the human cutaneous circulation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2010 Jun 1;2(3):825–53. doi:10.2741/s105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowell LB. Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress. Physiol Rev 1974;54(1):75–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trbovich MB, Handrakis JP, Kumar NS, Price MJ. Impact of passive heat stress on persons with spinal cord injury: implications for Olympic spectators. Temperature (Austin) 2019;7(2):114–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamasaki M, Kim KT, Choi SW, Muraki S, Shiokawa M, Kurokawa T. Characteristics of body heat balance of paraplegics during exercise in a hot environment. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2001;20(4):227–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muraki S, Yamasaki M, Ishii K, Kikuchi K, Seki K. Relationship between core temperature and skin blood flux in lower limbs during prolonged arm exercise in persons with spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1996;72(4):330–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibasaki M, Umemoto Y, Kinoshita T, Kouda K, Ito T, Nakamura T, et al. The role of cardiac sympathetic innervation and skin thermoreceptors on cardiac responses during heat stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015;308(11):H1336–H1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon D, Crandall CG. Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector. Handb Clin Neurol 2018;156:211–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trbovich M, Ford A, Wu Y, Koek W, Wecht J, Kellogg DJ, Jr. Correlation of neurological level and sweating level of injury in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2021 Nov;44(6):902–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handrakis JP, Trbovich M, Hagen EM, Price M. Thermodysregulation in persons with spinal cord injury: case series on use of the autonomic standards. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2017;3:25–41.
   Google Scholar
• Normell LA. Distribution of impaired cutaneous vasomotor and sudomotor function in paraplegic man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1974;133(Suppl. 138):25–41.
   Google Scholar
• Krassioukov AV, Karlsson AK, Wecht JM, Wuermser LA, Mathias CJ, Marino RJ. Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: rationale for additions to international standards for neurological assessment. J Rehabil Res Dev 2007;44(1):103–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price MJ, Campbell IG. Thermoregulatory responses of spinal cord injured and able-bodied athletes to prolonged upper body exercise and recovery. Spinal Cord 1999;37(11):772–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock JA, Yeoh M, McLachlan EM. Enhanced neurally evoked responses and inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake in rat mesenteric arteries after spinal transection. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;290(1):H398–H405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West CR, Alyahya A, Laher I, Krassioukov A. Peripheral vascular function in spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord 2013;51(1):10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird AS, Finch AM, Waite PM, Carrive P. Peripheral changes above and below injury level lead to prolonged vascular responses following high spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294(2):H785–H792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldahan KC, Rabchevsky AG. Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury: systemic pathophysiology and methods of management. Auton Neurosci 2018;209:59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Previnaire JG, Soler JM, El Masri W, Denys P. Assessment of the sympathetic level of lesion in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2009;47(2):122–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens DP, Aoki K, Kosiba WA, Johnson JM. Nonnoradrenergic mechanism of reflex cutaneous vasoconstriction in men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001;280(4):H1496–H1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg DL, Jr, Johnson JM, Kosiba WA. Selective abolition of adrenergic vasoconstrictor responses in skin by local iontophoresis of bretylium. Am J Physiol 1989;257(Heart and Circ. Physiol 26):H1599–H1606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kellogg DL, Jr, Johnson JM, Kosiba WA. Baroreflex control of the cutaneous active vasodilator system in humans. Circ Res 1990;66:1420–1426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg DL, Jr, Johnson JM, Kenney WL, Pergola PE, Kosiba WA. Mechanisms of control of skin blood flow during prolonged exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1993;265:H562–H5H8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg DL, Jr, Johnson JM, Kosiba WA. Competition between the cutaneous active vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems during exercise in man. Am J Physiol 1991;261(Heart and Circ. Physiol. 30):H1184–H11H9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trbovich MW B, Koek W, Wecht J, Kellogg DL. Are thermoregulatory sweating and active vasodilation in skin controlled by separate nerves during passive heat stress in persons With spinal cord injury? Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2022 Fall;28(4):84–95. doi:10.46292/sci21-00063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshblum S, Snider B, Rupp R, Read MS. International standards committee of A, IscoS. updates of the international standards for neurologic classification of spinal cord injury: 2015 and 2019. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2020;31(3):319–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramella-Roman JCH JM. The impact of autonomic dysreflexia on blood flow and skin response in individuals with spinal cord injury. Adv Optical Technol2008;2008:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Tyle P. Lontophoretic devices for drug delivery. Pharm Res 1986;3(6):318–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Huizenga C, Arens E, Wang D. Thermal sensation and comfort in transient non-uniform thermal environments. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004;92(6):728–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illigens BM, Gibbons CH. Sweat testing to evaluate autonomic function. Clin Auton Res 2009;19(2):79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato KT, Richardson A, Timm DE, Sato K. One-step iodine starch method for direct visualization of sweating. Am J Med Sci 1988;295:528–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stjernberg L, Blumberg H, Wallin BG. Sympathetic activity in man after spinal cord injury. outflow to muscle below the lesion. Brain 1986;109(Pt 4):695–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasell RW, Arnold JM, Krassioukov A, Delaney GA. Cardiovascular consequences of loss of supraspinal control of the sympathetic nervous system after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81(4):506–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stjernberg L, Wallin BG. Sympathetic neural outflow in spinal man. A preliminary report. J Auton Nerv Syst 1983;7(3-4):313–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trbovich M, Wu Y, Koek W, Zhao J, Kellogg D, Jr. Impact of tetraplegia vs. paraplegia on venoarteriolar, myogenic and maximal cutaneous vasodilation responses of the microvasculature: implications for cardiovascular disease. J Spinal Cord Med 2022 Jan;45(1):49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid A, Huonker M, Stahl F, Barturen JM, Konig D, Heim M, et al. Free plasma catecholamines in spinal cord injured persons with different injury levels at rest and during exercise. J Auton Nerv Syst 1998;68(1-2):96–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leicht CA, Kouda K, Umemoto Y, Banno M, Kinoshita T, Moriki T, et al. Hot water immersion induces an acute cytokine response in cervical spinal cord injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015;115(11):2243–2252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handrakis JP, Ni Guan Z, Nulty JW, Tascione O, Rosado-Rivera D, White D, et al. Effect of heat exposure on cognition in persons with tetraplegia. J Neurotrauma 2017;34(24):3372–3380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haeusler G, Haefely W, Huerlimann A. On the mechanism of the adrenergic nerve blocking action of bretylium. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmakol 1969;265(3):260–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnold JM, Feng QP, Delaney GA, Teasell RW. Autonomic dysreflexia in tetraplegic patients: evidence for alpha-adrenoceptor hyper-responsiveness. Clin Auton Res 1995;5(5):267–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krum H, Louis WJ, Brown DJ, Clarke SJ, Fleming JA, Howes LG. Cardiovascular and vasoactive hormone responses to bladder distension in spinal and normal man. Paraplegia 1992;30(5):348–354.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krum H, Louis WJ, Brown DJ, Howes LG. Pressor dose responses and baroreflex sensitivity in quadriplegic spinal cord injury patients. J Hypertens 1992;10(3):245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs GB, Barak OF, Phillips AA, Mijacika T, Sarafis ZK, Lee AHX, et al. Acute heat stress reduces biomarkers of endothelial activation but not macro- or microvascular dysfunction in cervical spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019;316(3):H722–HH33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashizaki T, Nishimura Y, Teramura K, Umemoto Y, Shibasaki M, Leicht CA, et al. Differences in serum IL-6 response after 1 degrees C rise in core body temperature in individuals with spinal cord injury and cervical spinal cord injury during local heat stress. Int J Hyperthermia 2018;35(1):541–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii N, Louie JC, McNeely BD, Zhang SY, Tran MA, Kenny GP. K+ channel mechanisms underlying cholinergic cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in young humans: roles of KCa, KATP, and KV channels? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016;311(3):R600–R606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspar R, Jr, Panyi G, Ypey DL, Krasznai Z, Vereb G, Pieri C, et al. Effects of bretylium tosylate on voltage-gated potassium channels in human T lymphocytes. Mol Pharmacol 1994;46(4):762–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar