A Weight of Evidence Analysis of the Chronic Ecotoxicity of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates, Nonylphenol Ether Carboxylates, and Nonylphenol

REFERENCES

• Ahel , M , Giger , W and Koch , M. 1994a . Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment—I. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment . Water Res , 28 : 1131 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahel , M , Giger , W and Schaffner , C. 1994b . Behavior of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment—II. Occurrence and transformation in rivers . Water Res , 28 : 1143 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldenberg , T and Slob , W. 1991 . Confidence limits for hazardous concentrations based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data , Bilthoven, , The Netherlands : Rijksinstituut Voor 1 En Milieuhygiene . Technical report 719102002
   Google Scholar
• Allen , Y , Scott , AP Matthiessen , P . 1999 . Survey of estrogenic activity in United Kingdom estuarine and coastal waters and its effects on gonadal development of the flounder Platichthys flesus . Environ Toxicol Chem , 18 : 1791 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus , RA , Weaver , SA Grizzle , JM . 2002 . Reproductive characteristics of male mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) inhabiting a small southeastern U.S. river receiving treated domestic sewage effluent . Environ Toxicol Chem , 21 : 1404 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ankley , G , Mihaich , E Stahl , R . 1998 . Overview of a workshop on screening methods for detecting potential (anti-) estrogenic/androgenic chemicals in wildlife . Environ Toxicol Chem , 17 : 68 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcand-Hoy , LD and Benson , WH. 1998 . Fish reproduction: An ecologically relevant indicator of endocrine disruption . Environ Toxicol Chem , 17 : 49 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balch , G and Metcalfe , G. 2003 . Determination of In Vivo Endocrine Effects from Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and their Biodegradation Metabolites , Peterborough, ON, , Canada : Environmental and Resource Studies, Trent University . February 18
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , WS , Graham , SE Shea , D . 1997 . Metabolic androgenization of female Daphnia magna by the xenoestrogen 4-nonylphenol . Environ Toxicol Chem , 16 : 1905 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bechmann , RK. 1999 . Effect of the endocrine disrupter nonylphenol on the marine copepod Tisbe battagliai. . The Science of the Total Environment , 233 : 33 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Bennie , DT. 1999 . Review of the environmental occurrence of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates . Water Qual Res J Canada , 34 : 79 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooke , LT. 1993a . Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nonylphenol to Ten Species of Aquatic Organisms , Duluth, MN, , USA : Environmental Health Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Superior, US Environmental Protection Agency . Report for U.S. EPA Contract No 68-C1–0034
   Google Scholar
• Burkardt-Holm , P , Wahli , T and Meier , W. 2000 . Nonylphenol affects the granulation pattern of epidermal mucous cells in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . Ecotox Environ Safety , 46 : 34 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell , PM and Hutchinson , TH. 1998 . Wildlife and endocrine disruptors: requirements for hazard identification . Environ Toxicol Chem , 17 : 127 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CEPA (Canadian Environmental Protection Act). 200 . Priority Substances Assessment Report for Nonylphenol and its Ethoxylates , Environment Canada, Health Canada . March, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , PM , Fairbrother , A and Brown , D. 1998 . A critical evaluation of safety (uncertainty) factors for ecological risk assessment . Environ Toxicol Chem , 17 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiansen , T , Korsgaard , B and Jespersen , A. 1998 . Effects of nonylphenol and 17B-oestradiol on vitellogenin synthesis, testicular structure and cytology in male eelpout Zoarces viviparus. . J Experimental Biol , 201 : 179 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiCorcia , A and Samperi , R. 1994 . Monitoring aromatic surfactants and their biodegradation intermediates in raw and treated sewages by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography . Environ Sci Technol , 28 : 850 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiCorcia , A , Constantino , A Crescenzi , C . 1998 . Characterization of recalcitrant intermediates from biotransformation of the branched alkyl side chain of nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants . Environ Sci Technol , 32 : 2401 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England , DE. 1995a . Chronic Toxicity of NPE 1.5 to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Washington, DC, , USA Analytical Bio Chemistry Laboratories. Final report #41766 to the Chemical Manufacturers Association
   Google Scholar
• England , DC and Bussard , JB. 1993 . Toxicity of Nonylphenol to the Midge Chironomus tentans. Washington, DC, , USA Analytical Bio Chemistry Laboratories. Final Report #40597 to the Chemical Manufacturers Association
   Google Scholar
• England , DE and Buckrath , JD. Chronic Toxicity of Nonylphenol Ether Carboxylate (Sodium Salt) to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Arlington, VA, , USA Final report #43685 to the Chemical Manufacturers Association
   Google Scholar
• European Union. 1995 . Technical guidance documents in support of the commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and the commission regulation EC 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances , Ispra, , Italy : Environmental Chemicals Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild , WL , Swansburg , EO and Arsenault , JT. 1999 . Does an association between pesticide use and subsequent declines in catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represent a case of endocrine disruption? . Environ Health Perspect , 107 : 349 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folmar , LC , Denslow , ND Rao , V . 1996 . Vitellogenin induction and reduced serum testosterone concentrations in feral male carp (Cyprinus carpio) captured near a major metropolitan sewage treatment plant . Environ Health Perspect , 104 : 1096 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giesy , JP , Pierens , SL Snyder , EM . 2000 . Effects of 4-nonylphenol on fecundity and biomarkers of estrogenecity in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) . Environ Toxicol Chem , 19 : 1368 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodbred , SL , Gilliom , RJ Gros , TS . 1996 . Reconnaissance of 17B-estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, Vitellogenin and Gonad Histopathology in Common Carp of United States Streams: Potential for Contaminant-induced Endocrine Disruption , Sacramento, CA : U.S. Geological Survey . OF 96–0627
   Google Scholar
• Harries , JE , Runnals , T Hill , E . 2000 . Development of a reproductive performance test for endocrine disrupting chemicals using pair-breeding fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) . Environ Sci Technol , 34 : 3003 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntsman , BE , Solch , JG and Wagel , DJ. 2000 . Monitoring the Fate of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates Released from On-Site Disposal Systems Washington, DC, , USA Terran Corporation technical report TB-9918 to the Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Research Council
   Google Scholar
• Jobling , S and Sumpter , JP. 1993 . Detergent compounds in sewage effluent are weakly estrogenic to fish: An in vitro study using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes . Aquatic Toxicol , 27 : 361 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling , S , Sheahan , D Osborne , JA . 1996 . Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenol chemicals . Environ Toxicol Chem , 15 : 194 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling , S , Nolan , M Tyler , CR . 1998 . Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish . Environ Sci Technol , 32 : 2498 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , IC , Metcalfe , C Kiparissis , Y . 2001 . Partial Life-Cycle Studies Using the Estuarine Fish Sheepshead Minnow to Evaluate Potential reproductive and Estrogenic Effects of Intan-100 Boca Raton, FL Golder Associates, Inc. Report #9651082D, May 31, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Kahl , MD , Makynen , EA Kosian , PA . 1997 . Toxicity of 4-nonylphenol in a life-cycle test with the midge Chironomus tentans. . Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , 38 : 155 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolpin , DW , Furlong , ET Meyer , MT . 2002 . Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: A national reconnaissance . Environ Sci Technol , 36 : 1202 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen , SS , Mathiesen , AB and Korsgaard , B. 1997 . Effects of 1tB-estradiol and 4-nonylphenol on smoltificatioin and vitellogenesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) . Fish Physio Biochem , 17 : 303 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Maguire , RJ. 1999 . Review of the persistence of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in aquatic environments . Water Qual Res J Canada , 34 : 37 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabholz , JJ. 1991 . “ Environmental hazard and risk assessment under the United States Toxic Substances Control Act ” . In QSAR in Environmental Toxicology—IV , Edited by: Hermens , JLM and Opperhuizen , A . pp. 649 – 65 . New York, NY, , USA : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Naylor , CG. 1995 . Environmental fate and safety of nonylphenol ethoxylates . Textile Chemist and Colorist , 27 : 29 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Naylor , CG , Mieure , JP and Adams , WJ. 1992 . Alkylphenols in the environment . J Am Oil Chemists Soc , 69 : 695 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , KM , Miles-Richardson , SR and Snyder , EM. 1999 . Effects of exposure to municipal wastewater in situ on the reproductive physiology of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) . Environ Toxicol Chem , 18 : 2001 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Nyberg , H. 1988 . Growth of Selenastrum capricornutum in the presence of synthetic surfactants . Water Res , 22 : 217 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , SN , Christiansen , LB Pedersen , KL . 1999 . In vivo estrogenic activity of branched and linear alkylphenols in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) . The Science of the Total Environment , 233 : 89 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodier , D. 1996 . RM-1 Document for para-nonylphenol , Washington, DC, , USA : US Environmental Protection Agency .
   Google Scholar
• Schwaiger , J , Spieser , OH Bauer , C . 2000 . Chronic toxicity of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol: Haematological and histopathological effects in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) . Aquatic Toxicol , 51 : 69 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Servos , MR. 1999 . Review of the aquatic toxicity, estrogenic responses and bioaccumulation of alkylphenols and alkylphenol polyethoxylates . Water Qual Res J Canada , 34 : 123 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohoni , P and Sumpter , JP. 1998 . Several environmental oestrogens are also anti-androgens . Journal of Endocrinology , 158 : 327 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa , JV. 1995 . Nonylphenol-1.5EO—Chronic Toxicity to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) under Flow-through Conditions , Washington, DC, , USA : Springborn Laboratories, Inc. . Revised report to the Alkylphenol and Ethoxylates Research Council
   Google Scholar
• Staples , CA , Weeks , J Hall , JF . 1998 . Evaluation of aquatic toxicity and bioaccumulation of C8- and C9-alkylphenol ethoxylates . Environ Toxicol Chem , 17 : 2470 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples , CA , Williams , JB Blessing , RL . 1999 . Measuring the biodegradability of nonylphenol ether carboxylates, octylphenol ether carboxylates and nonylphenol . Chemosphere , 38 : 2029 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples , CA , Naylor , CG Williams , JB . 2001 . Ultimate biodegradation of alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants and their biodegradation intermediates . Environ Toxicol Chem , 20 : 2450 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples , CA , Woodburn , K Caspers , N . 2002 . A weight of evidence approach to the aquatic hazard assessment of bisphenol A . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 8 : 1083 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , CE , Mount , DI Hansen , DJ . 1985 . Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses , Washington, D.C. : US Environmental Protection Agency . PB85–227049
   Google Scholar
• Suter , GW II . 1993 . Ecological Risk Assessment , Chelsea, MI, , USA : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Tyler , CR and Routledge , EJ. 1998 . Oestrogenic effects in fish in English rivers with evidence of their causation . Pure & Appl Chem , 70 : 1795 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versteeg , DJ , Belanger , SE and Carr , GK. 1999 . Understanding single-species and model ecosystem sensitivity: Data-based comparison . Environ Toxicol Chem , 18 : 1329 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve , DL , Villalobos , SA Keith , TL . 2002 . Effects of waterborne exposure to 4-nonylphenol on plasma sex steroid and vitellogenin concentrations in sexually mature male carp (Cyprinus carpio) . Chemosphere , 47 : 15 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward , TJ and Boeri , RL. 1990a . Acute Static Toxicity of Nonylphenol to the Marine Alga (Skeletonema costatum) , Washington, DC, , USA : Chemical Manufacturers Association . Envirosystems Division, Resource Analyst. Final Report #8970-CMA to the
   Google Scholar
• Ward , TJ and Boeri , RL. 1991a . Chronic Toxicity of Nonylphenol to the Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia. , Washington, DC, , USA : Chemical Manufacturers Association . Envirosystems Division, Resource Analysts. Final Report #8977-CMA to the
   Google Scholar
• White , R , Jobling , S Hoare , SA . 1994 . Environmentally persistent alkylphenolic compounds are estrogenic . Endocrinology , 135 : 175 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota , H Seki , M. Maeda. 2001 . Life-cycle toxicity of 4-nonylphenol to medaka (Oryzias latipes) . Environ Toxicol Chem , 20 : 2552 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulkosky , AM , Ferguson , PL and McElroy , AE. 2002 . Effects of sewage-impacted sediment on reproduction in the benthic Leptocheirus plumulosus. . Marine Environ Research , 54 : 615 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar