310
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Assessment of Human Health Risks of Consumption of Cadmium Contaminated Cultured Oysters

&
Pages 370-382 | Received 03 Nov 2005, Accepted 11 Mar 2006, Published online: 19 Mar 2007

REFERENCES

  • ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) . 1999 . Toxicological Profile for Cadmium , Atlanta, GA, , USA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
  • Bernard , A and Lauwerys , R . 1986 . “ Effects of cadmium exposure in humans ” . In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology , Edited by: Foulkes , E C . vol 80 , 35 – 177 . Berlin, , Germany : Springer-Verlag .
  • Broten , D . 1998 . BC oysters face cadmium challenge . Watershed Sentinel , 8 ( No.6 ) : 1 – 6 .
  • Brunjes , T and Bendell-Young , L . 200 . Cadmium Levels in Oysters Farmed off the West Coast of British Columbia. Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Biological Sciences , Burnaby, BC, , Canada : Simon Fraser University . (Unpublished)
  • Canadian Environmental Protection Act . 1994 . Priority Substances List Assessment Report: Cadmium and its Compounds , Ottawa, Ontario : Environment Canada and Health Canada .
  • Dabeka , R W , McKenzie , A D and Lacroix , G MA . 1987 . Dietary intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and fluoride by Canadian adults: A24-hour duplicate diet study . Food Addit Contam , 4 ( 1 ) : 89
  • Elinder , C G . 1985 . “ Cadmium: Uses, occurrence, and intake ” . In Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal , Edited by: Friberg , L , Elinder , C G Kjellström , T . 24 – 63 . Boca Raton, FL, , USA : CRC Press .
  • Elinder , C G , Kjellstrom , T and Friberg , L . 1976 . Cadmium in kidney cortex, liver, and pancreas from Swedish autopsies . Arch Environ Health , 31 : 292
  • Elinder , C G , Kjellstrom , T Lind , B . 1983 . Cadmium exposure from smoking cigarettes: Variations with time and country where purchased . Environ Res , 32 ( 1 ) : 220 – 7 .
  • Ellen , G and Van Loon , J W . 1990 . Determination of cadmium and lead in foods by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction: Test with certified reference materials . Food Additives and Contaminants , 7 : 265 – 73 .
  • Fischer , H . 1988 . Mytilus edulis as a quantitative indicator of dissolved cadmium. Final study and synthesis . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 48 : 163 – 74 .
  • Friberg , L , Piscator , M Nordberg , G C . 1974 . Cadmium in the Environment, , 2nd ed. , Cleveland, OH, , USA : CRC Press .
  • Han , B C , Jeng , W L Chen , R Y . 1998 . Estimation of target hazard quotients and potential health risks for metals by consumption of seafood in Taiwan . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 35 : 711 – 20 .
  • Hotz , P , Buchet , J P Bernard , A . 1999 . Renal effects of low-level environmental cadmium exposure: 5-Year follow-up of a subcohort from the Cadmibel study . LANCET (North American Edition) , 354 ( 9189 ) : 1508 – 13 .
  • Hutton , M . 1983 . Sources of cadmium in the environment . Ecotoxicol Environ Safety , 7 : 9 – 24 .
  • Jarup , L M , Elinder , C G Nordberg , G . 1998a . Health effects of cadmium exposure—a review of the literature and a risk estimate . Scand J Work Environ Health , 24 ( 3 ) : 240
  • Jarup , L M , Alfven , T Persson , B . 1998b . Cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis . Occupat Environ Med , 55 ( 7 ) : 435 – 9 .
  • JECFA (Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives) . Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) . Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants; the 16th Meetings of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives . pp. 54 Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization . WHO Offset Publication No. 87
  • JECFA . Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/ WHO) . Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants; the 33rd Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives . Geneva, , Switzerland : World Health Organization . WHO Food Additives Series 24
  • JECFA . Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/ WHO) . Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants; the 41st Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives . pp. 28 – 30 . Geneva, , Switzerland : International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization . WHO Technical Report Series 837
  • JECFA . Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/ WHO) . Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. 61st meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives . Geneva, , Switzerland : International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization . WHO Food Additives Series 52
  • Kaji , T , Koyama , H Satoh , M . 2002 . Low dose exposure to cadmium and its health effects (2). Life cycle related diseases and reproductive toxicity . Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi , 57 ( 3 ) : 556 – 63 .
  • Kim , C , Chan , H M and Receveur , O . 1998 . Risk assessment of cadmium in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories, Canada . Food Additives and Contaminants , 15 ( 3 ) : 307 – 17 .
  • Kjellstrom , T . 1992 . “ Mechanism and epidemiology of bone effects of cadmium ” . In Cadmium in the Human Environment: Toxicity and Carcinogenicity , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Alessio , L and Herber , R FM . 301 – 10 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer . IARC scientific publications: no. 118
  • Kjellstrom , T and Nordberg , G F . 1978 . A kinetic model of cadmium metabolism in the human being . Environ Res , 16 : 248 – 69 .
  • Kjellstrom , T , Elinder , C G and Friberg , L . 1984 . Conceptual problems in establishing the critical concentration of cadmium in human kidney cortex . Environ Res , 33 : 284 – 95 .
  • Kruzynski , G M . 2000 . Edited by: Stocker , M and Pringle . Sidney, BC, , Canada : Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat (CSAS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada . Proceedings Series 2000/15. Report of the PSARC Habitat Subcommittee Meeting, August 22, 2000
  • Kruzynski , G M . 2002 . Cadmium in BC Farmed Oysters: A Review of Available Data, Potential Sources, Research Needs and Possible Mitigation Strategies Sidney, BC, , Canada Govt Reports Announcements and Index (GRAandI), Issue 17, 2002
  • LeBaron , G J , Cherry , W H and Forbes , W F . 1977 . Trace Substances in Environmental Health-XI , Edited by: Hemphill , D D . 44 – 54 . Columbia, MO, , USA : University of Missouri .
  • McLaughlin , M J , Parker , D R and Clarke , J M . 1999 . Metals and micronutrients—food safety issues . Field Crops Res , 60 : 143 – 63 .
  • Nogawa , K , Kido , T and Shaikh , Z A . 1992 . “ Dose-response relationship for renal dysfunction in a population environmentally exposed to cadmium ” . In Cadmium in the Human Environment: Toxicity and Carcinogenicity , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Alessio , L and Herber , R FM . 311 – 18 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer . IARC scientific publications: no. 118
  • Nordberg , G F . 1974 . Health hazards of environmental cadmium pollution . Ambio , 3 : 55
  • Nordberg , G F . 1993 . Cadmium carcinogenesis and its relationship to other health effects in humans . Work Environ Health , 19 : 104 – 7 . (Suppl. 1)
  • Nordberg , G F and Kjellstrom , T . 1979 . Metabolic model for cadmium in man . Environ Health Perspect , 28 : 211 – 7 .
  • NRC (National Research Council) . 1983 . Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process , Washington, DC, , USA : National Academy Press .
  • OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) . 1994 . Paris, , France : Cadmium OECD Environment Directorate . Risk Reduction Monograph No. 5
  • Ohta , H and Cherian , M G . 1995 . The influence of nutritional deficiencies on gastrointestinal uptake of cadmium and cadmium-metallothionein in rats . Toxicology , 97 : 71 – 80 .
  • Olsson , I M , Bensryd , I Lundh , T . 2002 . Cadmium in blood and urine—Impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smoking—Association of renal effects . Environ Health Perspect , 110 ( 12 ) : 1185 – 90 .
  • Piscator , M . 1985 . Dietary exposure to cadmium and health effects: Impact of environmental changes . Environ Health Perspect , 63 : 127
  • Receveur , O , Kassi , N Chan , H M . 1998 . Yukon First Nations' Assessment of Dietary Benefit/Risk , Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, , Canada : Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment. MacDonald Campus of McGill University .
  • Rosas , I , Baez , A and Belmont , R . 1983 . Oyster (Crassostrea virginica) as indicator of heavy metal pollution in some lagoons of the Gulf of Mexico . Water Air Soil Pollut , 20 ( 2 ) : 127 – 36 .
  • Satarug , S and Moore , M R . 2004 . Adverse Health Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-level Cadmium in Foodstuffs and Cigarette Smoke . Environ Health Perspect , 112 ( 10 ) : 1099 – 103 .
  • Satarug , S , Haswell-Elkins , M R and Moore , M R . 2000 . Safe levels of cadmium intake to prevent renal toxicity in human subjects . British Journal of Nutrition , 84 : 791 – 802 .
  • Satarug , S , Baker , J R Urbenjapol , S . 2003 . A global perspective on cadmium pollution and toxicity in non-occupationally exposed population . Toxicology Letters , 137 : 65 – 83 .
  • Schroeder , H A . 1974 . The Poisons Around Us, Toxic Metals in Food, Air, and Water , Bloomington, IN, , USA : Indiana University Press .
  • Tsuchiya , K . 1992 . “ Health effects of cadmium with special reference to studies in Japan ” . In Cadmium in The Human Environment: Toxicity and Carcinogenicity , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Alessio , L and Herber , R FM . 35 – 49 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer . IARC scientific publications: no. 118
  • USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) . 1991 . Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: Standard Default Exposure Factors , Washington, DC, , USA : Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response . OSWER Directive 9285.6-03
  • USEPA . 1996 . Risk-Based Concentration Table Philadelphia, PA, , USA January-June 1996. USEPA Region 3
  • USEPA . 1998 . Human Health Risk Assessment: Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities, Volume I. Peer Review Draft. Office of Solid Waste, Region 6 , Washington, DC, , USA : Multimedia Planning and Permitting Division. Center for Combustion Science and Engineering .
  • Vannoort , R , Cressey , P and Silvers , K . 2000 . 1997/98 New Zealand Total Diet Survey, Part 2: Elements-Selected Contaminants and Nutrients , Wellington, , New Zealand : Ministry of Health .
  • WHO (World Health Organization) . 1992 . Environmental Health Criteria Geneva, , Switzerland vol. 134–Cadmium International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Monograph
  • WHO . 1992 . Cadmium Environmental Aspects. Environmental Health Criteria Vol: 135 Geneva, , Switzerland
  • WHO . 1989 . Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: Cadmium . WHO Food Additive Series , 24 : 163 – 219 .
  • WHO . 2000 . Air Quality Guidelines, , 2nd ed. , Copenhagen, , Denmark : Cadmium WHO Regional Office for Europe . Chapter 6.3

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.