2,030
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective Articles

The Weight of Evidence Does Not Support the Listing of Styrene as “Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen” in NTP's Twelfth Report on Carcinogens

, &
Pages 4-27 | Received 12 Aug 2011, Accepted 24 Sep 2011, Published online: 02 Jan 2013

REFERENCES

  • Alexander , D D , Mink , P J Adami , H O . 2007 . The non-Hodgkin lymphomas: A review of the epidemiologic literature . Internat J Cancer , 120 ( Suppl.12 ) : 1 – 39 .
  • Anttila , A , Pukkala , E Riala , R . 1998 . Cancer incidence among Finnish workers exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons . Internat Arch Occup Environ Health , 71 : 187 – 93 .
  • Beliles , R P , Butala , J H Stock , C R . 1985 . Chronic toxicity and three-generation reproduction study of styrene monomer in the drinking water of rats . Fundam Appl Toxicol , 5 : 855 – 68 .
  • Boffetta , P , Adami , H O Cole , P . 2009 . Epidemiologic studies of styrene and cancer: A review of the literature . J Occup Environ Med , 51 ( 11 ) : 1275 – 87 .
  • Bond , G G , Bodner , K M Olsen , G W . 1992 . Mortality among workers engaged in the development or manufacture of styrene-based products - An update . Scand J Work Environ Health , 18 : 145 – 54 .
  • Boogaard , P J , de Kloe , K P Wong , B A . 2000 . Quantification of DNA adducts formed in liver, lungs, and isolated lung cells of rats and mice exposed to 14C-styrene by nose-only inhalation . Toxicol Sci , 57 : 203 – 16 .
  • Brunnemann , K D , Rivenson , A Cheng , S C . 1992 . A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XLVII. Bioassays of vinylpyridines for genotoxicity and for tumorigenicity in A/J mice . Cancer Lett , 65 : 107 – 13 .
  • Carlson , G P , Rivera , A AP and Mantick , N A . 2001 . Metabolism of the styrene metabolite 4-vinylphenol by rat and mouse liver and lung . J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A , 63 : 541 – 51 .
  • Carlson , G P , Ullman , M and Mantick , N A . 2002 . 4-Vinylphenol-induced hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity in mice . Toxicol Pathol , 30 : 565 – 9 .
  • Carlson , GP. 2002 . Effect of the inhibition of the metabolism of 4-vinylphenol on its hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity in rats and mice . Toxicology , 179 : 129 – 36 .
  • Conti , B , Maltoni , C Perino , G . 1988 . Long-term carcinogenicity bioassays on styrene administered by inhalation, ingestion and injection and styrene oxide administered by ingestion in Sprague-Dawley rats and para-methylstyrene administered by ingestion in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice . Ann NY Acad Sci , 534 : 203 – 34 .
  • Cruzan , G , Bus , J S Hotchkiss , J . 2011 . CYP2F2-generated metabolites, not styrene oxide, are a key event mediating the mode of action of styrene-induced lung tumors . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 62 : 214 – 20 .
  • Cruzan , G , Carlson , G P Johnson , K A . 2002 . Styrene respiratory tract toxicity and mouse lung tumors are mediated by CYP2F-generated metabolites . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 35 : 308 – 19 .
  • Cruzan , G , Carlson , G P Turner , M . 2005 . Ring-oxidized metabolites of styrene contribute to styrene-induced Clara cell toxicity in mice . J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A , 68 : 229 – 37 .
  • Cruzan , G , Cushman , J Andrews , L A . 1997 . Subchronic inhalation studies of styrene in CD rats and CD-1 mice . Fundam Appl Toxicol , 35 : 152 – 65 .
  • Cruzan , G , Cushman , J Andrews , L A . 1998 . Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study of styrene in CD rats by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks . Toxicol Sci , 46 : 266 – 81 .
  • Cruzan , G , Cushman , J R Andrews , L S . 2001 . Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study of styrene in CD-1 mice by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks . J Appl Toxicol , 21 : 185 – 98 .
  • Frentzel-Beyme , R , Thiess , A M and Wieland , R . 1978 . Survey of mortality among employees engaged in the manufacture of styrene and polystyrene at the BASF Ludwigshafen works . Scand J Work Environ Health , 4 ( Suppl 2 ) : 231
  • Goodman , JE. 2008 . “ Comments on the Epidemiology Data Reviewed in the May 22, 2008 NTP Report on Carcinogens Draft Background Document for Styrene ” . Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gove/files/SchweitzerACMA_Styrene508.pdf
  • Goodman , JE. 2009 . “ Comments on the Review of Epidemiology Data in the NTP 12th Report on Carcinogens Draft Styrene Profile ” . Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/20090206Goodman.pdf
  • Green , T , Lee , R Toghill , A . 2001a . The toxicity of styrene to the nasal epithelium of mice and rats: studies on the mode of action and relevance to humans . Chem-Biol Interact , 137 : 185 – 202 .
  • Green , T , Toghill , A and Foster , J . 2001b . The role of cytochrome P-450 in styrene induced pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenicity in the mouse . Toxicology , 169 : 107 – 17 .
  • Green , T. 2000 . Pulmonary toxicity and carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene: Species differences and modes of action . Environ Health Perspect , 108 ( Suppl.2 ) : 261 – 4 .
  • Haseman , J K , Huff , J and Boorman , G A . 1984 . Use of historical control data in carcinogenicity studies in rodents . Toxicol Pathol , 12 : 126 – 35 .
  • Hodgson , J T and Jones , R D . 1985 . Mortality of styrene production, polymerization and processing workers at a site in northwest England . Scand J Work Environ Health , 1 : 347 – 52 .
  • Hynes , D E , DeNicola , D B and Carlson , G P . 1999 . Metabolism of styrene by mouse and rat isolated lung cells . Toxicol Sci , 51 : 195 – 201 .
  • IARC. (International Agency for Research on Cancer) . 2002 . “ IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 82: Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene: Section on Styrene ” . Lyon , , France : World Health Organization (WHO), pp 437–550. IARC Press .
  • Jersey , G C , Balmer , M F Quast , M F . 1978 . “ Two-year Chronic Inhalation Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Study on Monomeric Styrene in Rats—Final Report ” . Midland , MI, USA : Dow Chemical Company .
  • Johanson , G , Ernstgard , L Gullstrand , E . 2000 . Styrene oxide in blood, hemoglobin adducts, and urinary metabolites in human volunteers exposed to C-13(8)-styrene vapors . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 168 : 36 – 49 .
  • Kogevinas , M , Ferro , G Saracci , R . 1993 . “ Cancer mortality in an international cohort of workers exposed to styrene ” . In Butadiene and Styrene: Assessment of Health Hazards , Edited by: Sorsa , M . 289 – 300 . Lyon , , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Scientific Publications .
  • Kogevinas , M , Ferro , G Andersen , A . 1994 . Cancer mortality in a historical cohort study of workers exposed to styrene . Scand J Work Environ Health , 20 : 251 – 61 .
  • Kolstad , H A , Lynge , E Olsen , J . 1994 . Incidence of lymphohematopoietic malignancies among styrene-exposed workers of the reinforced plastics industry . Scand J Work Environ Health , 20 : 272 – 8 .
  • Kolstad , H A , Juel , K Olsen , J . 1995 . Exposure to styrene and chronic health effects: Mortality and incidence of solid cancers in the Danish reinforced plastics industry . Occup Environ Med , 52 : 320 – 7 .
  • Lijinsky , W. 1986 . Rat and mouse forestomach tumors induced by chronic oral administration of styrene oxide . J Natl Cancer Inst , 77 : 471 – 6 .
  • Loughlin , J E , Rothman , K J and Dreyer , N A . 1999 . Lymphatic and haematopoietic cancer mortality in a population attending school adjacent to styrene-butadiene facilities, 1963–1993 . J Epidemiol Community Health , 53 : 283 – 7 .
  • McMichael , A J , Spirtas , R Gamble , J F . 1976 . Mortality among rubber workers: Relationship to specific jobs . J Occup Med , 18 : 178 – 85 .
  • NCI (National Cancer Institute) . 1979 . “ Bioassay of Styrene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CAS No. 100-42-5) ” . NCI-CG-TR-185 Bethesda, MD , , USA : Carcinogenesis Testing Program .
  • Nicholson , W J , Selikoff , I J and Seidman , H . 1978 . Mortality experience of styrene-polystyrene polymerization workers. Initial findings . Scand J Work Environ Health , 4 ( Suppl 2 ) : 247 – 52 .
  • NTP (National Toxicology Program) . 2008 . “ Final Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Styrene ” . Research Triangle Park , NC, USA : US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service .
  • NTP . 2011 . “ Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition ” . Research Triangle Park , NC, USA : US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service .
  • Ponomarkov , B and Tomatis , L . 1978 . Effects of long-term oral administration of styrene to mice and rats . Scand J Work Environ Health , 4 : 127 – 35 .
  • Ponomarkov , V , Cabral , J RP Wahrendorf , J . 1984 . A carcinogenicity study of styrene-7, 8-oxide in rats . Cancer Lett , 24 : 95 – 101 .
  • Rhomberg , LR. 2008 . “ Comments on the Weight of Evidence Analysis of Epidemiology Data in the May 22, 2008 NTP Report on Carcinogens Draft Background Document for Styrene ” . Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/JMcKnightAttachment2.pdf
  • Rhomberg , LR. 2009 . “ The Weight of Evidence Does Not Support the NTP Draft Styrene Profile's Conclusion of “Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen.” . Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/20090206Rhomberg.pdf
  • Roycroft , J H , Mast , T J Ragan , H A . 1992 . Toxicological effects of inhalation exposure to styrene in rats and mice . The Toxicologist , 12 : 397
  • Ruder , A M , Ward , E M Dong , M . 2004 . Mortality patterns among workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastic boatbuilding industry: An update . Am J Ind Med , 45 : 165 – 76 .
  • Sarangapani , R , Teeguarden , J G Cruzan , G . 2002 . Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of styrene and styrene oxide respiratory tract dosimetry in rodents and humans . Inhalation Toxicol , 14 ( 8 ) : 789 – 834 .
  • Sathiakumar , N , Graff , J Macaluso , M . 2005 . An updated study of mortality among North American synthetic rubber industry workers . Occup Environ Med , 62 : 822 – 9 .
  • Schottenfeld , D and Fraumeni , J F . 2006 . “ Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention (Third Edition) ” . New York , NY, USA : Oxford University Press .
  • Shen , S , Li , L Ding , X . 2011 . Oxidative metabolism of styrene in Cyp2f2-null and Cyp2e1-null mouse liver and lung microsomes . Toxicologist , 120 ( Suppl. 2 ) Presented at Society of Toxicology 50th Annual Meeting. March
  • Sumner , S CJ , Cattley , R C Asgharian , B . 1997 . Evaluation of the metabolism and hepatotoxicity of styrene in F344 rats, B6C3F1 mice, and CD-1 mice following single and repeated inhalation exposures . Chem-Biol Interact , 106 : 47 – 65 .
  • Vodicka , P , Tuimala , J Stetina , R . 2004 . Cytogenetic markers, DNA single-strand breaks, urinary metabolites, and DNA repair rates in styrene-exposed lamination workers . Environ Health Perspect , 112 : 867 – 71 .
  • Wenker , M A , Kezic , S Monster , A C . 2001 . Metabolism of styrene in the human liver in vitro: Interindividual variation and enantioselectivity . Xenobiotica , 31 ( 2 ) : 61 – 72 .
  • Wong , O , Trent , L S and Whorton , M D . 1994 . An updated cohort mortality study of workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced plastics and composites industry . Occup Environ Med , 51 : 386 – 96 .