Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health

References

• Abbasi NA, Jaspers VLB, Chaudhry MJI, et al. 2015. Influence of taxa, trophic level, and location on bioaccumulation of toxic metals in bird's feathers: A preliminary biomonitoring study using multiple bird species from Pakistan. Chemosphere 120:527–37. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullah M, Fasola M, Muhammad A, et al. 2015. Avian feathers as a non-destructive bio-monitoring tool of trace metals signatures: A case study from severely contaminated areas. Chemosphere 119:553–61. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afrin R, Mia MY, Ahsan MA, et al. 2015. Concentration of heavy metals in available fish species (Bain, Mastacembelus armatus; Taki, Channa punctatus and Bele, Glossogobius giuris) in the Turag River, Bangladesh. Pak J Sci Ind Res Series B: Biol Sci 58(2):104–10
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed Q, Benzer S, and Elahi N. 2016. Heavy metal concentration in Sardinella longiceps (Valeciennes, 1847) from Balochistan Coast. Pak J Zool 48(2):589–95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alamdar A, Eqani SAMAS, Hanif N, et al. 2017. Human exposure to trace metals and arsenic via consumption of fish from river Chenab, Pakistan and associated health risks. Chemosphere 168:1004–12. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ghanim KA, Abdelatty M, Abdelfattah L, et al. 2015. Differential uptake of heavy metals by gill, muscles and liver of four selected fish species from Red Sea. Pak J Zool 47(4):1031–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali H, Ali W, Ullah K, et al. 2017. Bioaccumulation of Cu and Zn in Schizothorax plagiostomus and Mastacembelus armatus from River Swat, River Panjkora and River Barandu in Malakand Division, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 49(5):1555–61. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.5.1555.1561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali H and Khan E. 2017. Environmental chemistry in the twenty-first century. Environ Chem Lett 15(2):329–46. doi:10.1007/s10311-016-0601-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali H and Khan E. 2018a. Bioaccumulation of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in freshwater fish. Risk to human health. Environ Chem Lett (in press). doi:10.1007/s10311-018-0734-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali H and Khan E. 2018b. What are heavy metals? Long-standing controversy over the scientific use of the term ‘heavy metals’ — proposal of a comprehensive definition. Toxicol Environ Chem 100(1):6–19. doi:10.1080/02772248.2017.1413652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali H and Khan E. 2018c. Assessment of potentially toxic heavy metals and health risk in water, sediments, and different fish species of River Kabul, Pakistan. Hum Ecol Risk Assess (in press). doi:10.1080/10807039.2018.1438175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Z, Malik RN, and Qadir A. 2013. Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soils affected by tannery effluents. Chem Ecol 29(8):676–92. doi:10.1080/02757540.2013.810728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arunakumara KKIU, Walpola BC, and Yoon M-H. 2013. Current status of heavy metal contamination in Asia's rice lands. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 12(4):355–77. doi:10.1007/s11157-013-9323-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf M, Tariq J, and Jaffar M. 1991. Contents of trace metals in fish, sediment and water from three freshwater reservoirs on the Indus River, Pakistan. Fish Res 12(4):355–64. doi:10.1016/0165-7836(91)90018-B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam I, Afsheen S, Zia A, et al. 2015. Evaluating insects as bioindicators of heavy metal contamination and accumulation near industrial area of Gujrat, Pakistan. BioMed Res Int 2015. Article ID: 942751. doi:10.1155/2015/942751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baatrup E. 1991. Structural and functional effects of heavy metals on the nervous system, including sense organs, of fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C 100(1/2):253–7. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(91)90163-N
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkhair KS and Ashraf MA. 2016. Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 23(1):S32–S44. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barakat MA. 2011. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J Chem 4(4):361–77. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baršytė Lovejoy D. 1999. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and mollusc tissues. Acta Zool Lituanica 9(2):12–20. doi:10.1080/13921657.1999.10512282
   Google Scholar
• Barwick M and Maher W. 2003. Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium, copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary, NSW, Australia. Mar Environ Res 56(4):471–502. doi:10.1016/S0141-1136(03)00028-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batool F, Iqbal S, Tariq MI, et al. 2016. Milk: Carrier of heavy metals from crops through ruminant body to human beings. J Chem Soc Pak 38(01):39–42
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanović T, Ujević I, Sedak M, et al. 2014. As, Cd, Hg and Pb in four edible shellfish species from breeding and harvesting areas along the eastern Adriatic Coast, Croatia. Food Chem 146:197–203. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burba A. 1999. The effect of copper on behavioural reactions of noble crayfish Astacus astacus L. Acta Zool Lituanica 9(2):30–6. doi:10.1080/13921657.1999.10512284
   Google Scholar
• Cai L-M, Xu Z-C, Qi J-Y, et al. 2015. Assessment of exposure to heavy metals and health risks among residents near Tonglushan mine in Hubei, China. Chemosphere 127:127–35. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardwell RD, DeForest DK, Brix KV, et al. 2013. Do Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn biomagnify in aquatic ecosystems? In: Whitacre DM (Ed), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, pp. 101–22. Springer, New York, NY, USA
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho ML, Santiago S, and Nunes ML. 2005. Assessment of the essential element and heavy metal content of edible fish muscle. Anal Bioanal Chem 382(2):426–32. doi:10.1007/s00216-004-3005-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-González MI and Méndez-Armenta M. 2008. Heavy metals: Implications associated to fish consumption. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 26(3):263–71. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2008.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalkiadaki O, Dassenakis M, and Lydakis-Simantiris N. 2014. Bioconcentration of Cd and Ni in various tissues of two marine bivalves living in different habitats and exposed to heavily polluted seawater. Chem Ecol 30(8):726–42. doi:10.1080/02757540.2014.917172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobbina SJ, Chen Y, Zhou Z, et al. 2015. Toxicity assessment due to sub-chronic exposure to individual and mixtures of four toxic heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 294:109–20. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.03.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conder JM, Gobas FAPC, Borgå K, et al. 2012. Use of trophic magnification factors and related measures to characterize bioaccumulation potential of chemicals. Integ Environ Assess Manag 8(1):85–97. doi:10.1002/ieam.216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz CCEV, Ramos G, and Ablan-Lagman MC. 2015. Heavy metal levels in mud crabs (Scylla spp.) from East Bataan Coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(8):6359–63. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4194-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui Y-J, Zhu Y-G, Zhai R-H, et al. 2004. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environ Int 30(6):785–91. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dallinger R, Prosi F, Segner H, et al. 1987. Contaminated food and uptake of heavy metals by fish: A review and a proposal for further research. Oecologia 73(1):91–8. doi:10.1007/BF00376982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Paiva Magalhães D, da Costa Marques MR, Baptista DF, et al. 2015. Metal bioavailability and toxicity in freshwaters. Environ Chem Lett 13(1):69–87. doi:10.1007/s10311-015-0491-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeForest DK, Brix KV, and Adams WJ. 2007. Assessing metal bioaccumulation in aquatic environments: The inverse relationship between bioaccumulation factors, trophic transfer factors and exposure concentration. Aqua Toxicol 84(2):236–46. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dissanayake CB and Chandrajith R. 2009. Phosphate mineral fertilizers, trace metals and human health. J Nat Sci Found Sri Lanka 37(3):153–65. doi:10.4038/jnsfsr.v37i3.1219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekong EB, Jaar BG, and Weaver VM. 2006. Lead-related nephrotoxicity: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Kidney Int 70:2074–84. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eqani SAMAS, Khalid R, Bostan N, et al. 2016. Human lead (Pb) exposure via dust from different land use settings of Pakistan: A case study from two urban mountainous cities. Chemosphere 155:259–65. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang H, Huang L, Wang J, et al. 2016. Environmental assessment of heavy metal transport and transformation in the Hangzhou Bay, China. J Hazard Mater 302:447–57. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang T, Lu W, Li J, et al. 2017. Levels and risk assessment of metals in sediment and fish from Chaohu Lake, Anhui Province, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(18):15390–400. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9053-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraga CG. 2005. Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Mol Aspects Med 26(4–5):235–44. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gall JE, Boyd RS, and Rajakaruna N. 2015. Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: A review. Environ Monit Assess 187(4): Article No. 201. doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao H, Bai J, Xiao R, et al. 2013. Levels, sources and risk assessment of trace elements in wetland soils of a typical shallow freshwater lake, China. Stochastic Environ Res Risk Assess 27(1):275–84. doi:10.1007/s00477-012-0587-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghannem S, Touaylia S, and Boumaiza M. 2018. Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) as bioindicators of the assessment of environmental pollution. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 24(2):456–64. doi:10.1080/10807039.2017.1385387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goutner V and Furness RW. 1998. Feathers of white stork Ciconia ciconia chicks in North‐Eastern Greece, as indicators of geographical variation in mercury contamination. Toxicol Environ Chem 67(3–4):379–90. doi:10.1080/02772249809358629
   Google Scholar
• Grant CA and Sheppard SC. 2008. Fertilizer impacts on cadmium availability in agricultural soils and crops. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 14(2):210–28. doi:10.1080/10807030801934895
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant CA. 2011. Influence of phosphate fertilizer on cadmium in agricultural soils and crops. Pedologist 54(3 Special Issue):143–55
   Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Rai DK, Pandey RS, et al. 2009. Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish from river Ganges at Allahabad. Environ Monit Assess 157(1–4):449–58. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0547-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashem MA, Nur-A-Tomal MS, Mondal NR, et al. 2017. Hair burning and liming in tanneries is a source of pollution by arsenic, lead, zinc, manganese and iron. Environ Chem Lett 15(3):501–6. doi:10.1007/s10311-017-0634-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayase D, Agusa T, Toyoshima S, et al. 2010. Biomagnification of arsenic species in the deep-sea ecosystem of the Sagami Bay, Japan. In: Isobe T, Nomiyama K, Subramanian S, Tanabe S (Eds.), Interdisciplinary Studies on Environmental Chemistry, pp. 199–204. TERRAPUB, Japan
   Google Scholar
• Huang J-H. 2016. Arsenic trophodynamics along the food chains/webs of different ecosystems: A review. Chem Ecol 32(9):803–28. doi:10.1080/02757540.2016.1201079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikemoto T, Tu NPC, Okuda N, et al. 2008. Biomagnification of trace elements in the aquatic food web in the Mekong Delta, South Vietnam using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54(3):504–15. doi:10.1007/s00244-007-9058-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam GMR, Habib MR, Waid JL, et al. 2017. Heavy metal contamination of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and prawn feed in Bangladesh: A market-based study to highlight probable health risks. Chemosphere 170:282–9. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, et al. 2017. Intake of heavy metals through milk and toxicity assessment. Pak J Zool 49(4):1413–9. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.4.1413.1419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan FA, Ishaq M, Khan S, et al. 2010. A comparative study of human health risks via consumption of food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil (Peshawar) and relatively clean water irrigated soil (lower Dir). J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):612–21. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järup L and Åkesson A. 2009. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):201–8. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järup L. 2003. Hazards of heavy metal contamination. British Med Bull 68(1):167–82. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldg032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javed M and Usmani N. 2011. Accumulation of heavy metals in fishes: a human health concern. Int J Environ Sci 2(2):671–82. doi:10.6088/ijes.00202020026
   Google Scholar
• Javed M and Usmani N. 2013. Assessment of heavy metal (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, Zn) pollution in effluent dominated rivulet water and their effect on glycogen metabolism and histology of Mastacembelus armatus. SpringerPlus 2: Article No. 390. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-390
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Javed M and Usmani N. 2015. Stress response of biomolecules (carbohydrate, protein and lipid profiles) in fish Channa punctatus inhabiting river polluted by Thermal Power Plant effluent. Saudi J Biol Sci 22(2):237–42. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalay M and Canli M. 2000. Elimination of essential (Cu, Zn) and non-essential (Cd, Pb) metals from tissues of a freshwater fish Tilapia zilli. Turk J Zool 24(4):429–36
   Google Scholar
• Ke S, Cheng X-Y, Zhang N, et al. 2015. Cadmium contamination of rice from various polluted areas of China and its potential risks to human health. Environ Monit Assess 187:408. doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4638-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, et al. 2015. The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: A review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(18):13772–99. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4881-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khwaja AR, Singh R, Raju M, et al. 1997. The geoenvironmental cycle of cadmium: a case study. Environmentalist 17(2):103–8. doi:10.1023/A:1018595815672
   Google Scholar
• Korstian JM, Chumchal MM, Bennett VJ, et al. 2018. Mercury contamination in bats from the central United States. Environ Toxicol Chem 37(1):160–5. doi:10.1002/etc.3940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar B, Kumar KS, Priya M, et al. 2010. Distribution, partitioning, bioaccumulation of trace elements in water, sediment and fish from sewage fed fish ponds in eastern Kolkata, India. Toxicol Environ Chem 92(2):243–60. doi:10.1080/02772240902942394
   Google Scholar
• Kumari B, Kumar V, Sinha AK, et al. 2017. Toxicology of arsenic in fish and aquatic systems. Environ Chem Lett 15(1):43–64. doi:10.1007/s10311-016-0588-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lari E, Gauthier P, Mohaddes E, et al. 2017. Interactive toxicity of Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cd on Daphnia magna at lethal and sub-lethal concentrations. J Hazard Mater 334:21–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskowski R. 1991. Are the top carnivores endangered by heavy metal biomagnification? Oikos 60(3):387–90. doi:10.2307/3545083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legittimo PC, Piccardi G, and Martini M. 1986. Mercury pollution in the surface environment of a volcanic area. Chem Ecol 2(3):219–31. doi:10.1080/02757548608080728
   Google Scholar
• Liu J, McCauley L, Yan C, et al. 2012. Low blood lead levels and hemoglobin concentrations in preschool children in China. Toxicol Environ Chem 94(2):423–6. doi:10.1080/02772248.2011.628001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, Ye Y, Gao Z, et al. 2014. Essential and nonessential elements in the red-crowned crane Grus japonensis of Zhalong Wetland, northeastern China. Toxicol Environ Chem 96(7):1096–105. doi:10.1080/02772248.2015.1007989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood A, and Malik RN. 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arab J Chem 7(1):91–9. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood T, Qadosi IQ, Fatima H, et al. 2016. Metal concentrations in common skittering frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) inhabiting Korang River, Islamabad, Pakistan. Basic Appl Herpetol 30:25–38. doi:10.11160/bah.16001
   Google Scholar
• Malik RN and Zeb N. 2009. Assessment of environmental contamination using feathers of Bubulcus ibis L., as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution, Pakistan. Ecotoxicology 18(5):522–36. doi:10.1007/s10646-009-0310-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansouri B, Majnoni F, and Moussavi SP. 2014. Distribution of mercury in some organs of the Kani Barazan wetland common coot (Fulica atra). Chem Ecol 30(5):440–5. doi:10.1080/02757540.2014.885018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo R, Taggart M, and Meharg AA. 2003. Lead and arsenic in bones of birds of prey from Spain. Environ Pollut 126(1):107–14. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00055-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mažeikytė R and Balčiauskas L. 2003. Heavy metal concentrations in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) from protected and agricultural territories of Lithuania. Acta Zool Lituanica 13(1):48–60. doi:10.1080/13921657.2003.10512543
   Google Scholar
• Miedico O, Ferrara A, Tarallo M, et al. 2016. Hazardous and essential trace elements profile in the different soft tissues of Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758) from Southern Adriatic Sea (Italy). Toxicol Environ Chem 98(8):877–85. doi:10.1080/02772248.2015.1128434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki M, Hondo R, Kumon K, et al. 2002. Cadmium contamination in wild birds as an indicator of environmental pollution. Environ Monit Assess 73(3):229–35. doi:10.1023/A:1013167321371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortuza MG and Al-Misned FA. 2015. Heavy metal concentration in two freshwater fishes from Wadi Hanifah (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) and evaluation of possible health hazard to consumers. Pak J Zool 47(3):839–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulk S, Azizullah A, Korai AL, et al. 2015. Impact of marble industry effluents on water and sediment quality of Barandu River in Buner District, Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 187(2). Article No. 8. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-4221-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulk S, Korai AL, Azizullah A, et al. 2016. Decreased fish diversity found near marble industry effluents in River Barandu, Pakistan. Ecotoxicology 25(1):132–40. doi:10.1007/s10646-015-1575-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng JC, Wang J, and Shraim A. 2003. A global health problem caused by arsenic from natural sources. Chemosphere 52(9):1353–9. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00470-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo HTT. 2008. Effects of Cadmium on Calcium Homeostasis and Physiological Conditions of the Freshwater Mussel Anodonta anatina. DR. RER. NAT. Thesis, University of Bayreuth, Germany, Bayreuth, 108 pp
   Google Scholar
• Nica DV, Bura M, Gergen I, et al. 2012. Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain. Chem Cent J 6: Article No. 55. doi:10.1186/1752-153X-6-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsen FM, Kassim BL, Delaney JP, et al. 2017. Trace element biodistribution in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Chemosphere 181:343–51. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nriagu JO. 1988. A silent epidemic of environmental metal poisoning? Environ Pollut 50(1):139–61. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90189-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olmedo P, Pla A, Hernández AF, et al. 2013. Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead, tin and arsenic) in fish and shellfish samples. Risk assessment for the consumers. Environ Int 59:63–72. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oremland RS and Stolz JF. 2003. The ecology of arsenic. Science 300(5621):939–44. doi:10.1126/science.1081903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal M and Ghosh M. 2013. Assay of biochemical compositions of two Indian fresh water eel with special emphasis on accumulation of toxic heavy metals. J Aqua Food Prod Technol 22(1):27–35. doi:10.1080/10498850.2011.622070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palaniappan PR and Karthikeyan S. 2009. Bioaccumulation and depuration of chromium in the selected organs and whole body tissues of freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala individually and in binary solutions with nickel. J Environ Sci 21(2):229–36. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62256-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-López M, Rodríguez FS, Hernández-Moreno D, et al. 2016. Bioaccumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc in liver and kidney of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from NW Spain: influence of gender and age. Toxicol Environ Chem 98(1):109–17. doi:10.1080/02772248.2015.1107065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MS, Molla AH, Saha N, et al. 2012. Study on heavy metals levels and its risk assessment in some edible fishes from Bangshi River, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Food Chem 134(4):1847–54. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainbow PS. 2002. Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: Why and so what? Environ Pollut 120(3):497–507. doi:10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00238-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezania S, Taib SM, Din MFM, et al. 2016. Comprehensive review on phytotechnology: Heavy metals removal by diverse aquatic plants species from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 318:587–99. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose M, Fernandes A, Mortimer D, et al. 2015. Contamination of fish in UK fresh water systems: risk assessment for human consumption. Chemosphere 122:183–9. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabiha-Javied, Mehmood T, Chaudhry MM, et al. 2009. Heavy metal pollution from phosphate rock used for the production of fertilizer in Pakistan. Microchem J 91(1):94–9. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2008.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar T, Alam MM, Parvin N, et al. 2016. Assessment of heavy metals contamination and human health risk in shrimp collected from different farms and rivers at Khulna-Satkhira region, Bangladesh. Toxicol Rep 3:346–50. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauliutė G and Svecevičius G. 2015. Heavy metal interactions during accumulation via direct route in fish: A review. Zool Ecol 25(1):77–86. doi:10.1080/21658005.2015.1009734
   Google Scholar
• Schneider L, Belger L, Burger J, et al. 2011. Assessment of non-invasive techniques for monitoring mercury concentrations in species of Amazon turtles. Toxicol Environ Chem. 93(2):238–50. doi:10.1080/02772248.2010.517627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian A and Prasad MNV. 2014. Cadmium minimization in rice. A review. Agron Sustain Develop 34(1):155–73. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0152-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid M, Dumat C, Khalid S, et al. 2017. Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake. J Hazard Mater 325:36–58. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, et al. 2010. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol 48(2):611–9. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Gautam N, Mishra A, et al. 2011. Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol 43(3):246–53. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.81505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohail M, Khan MN, Qureshi NA, et al. 2017. Monitoring DNA damage in gills of freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina) exposed to heavy metals. Pak J Zool 49(1):305–11. doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.1.305.311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel H. 2002. Trace element accumulation in selected bioindicators exposed to emissions along the industrial facilities of Danube Lowland. Turk J Chem 26(6):815–23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic S and Jovic M. 2012. Health risks of heavy metals in the mediterranean mussels as seafood. Environ Chem Lett 10(2):119–30. doi:10.1007/s10311-011-0343-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Štrbac S, Šajnović A, Budakov L, et al. 2014. Metals in the sediment and liver of four fish species from different trophic levels in Tisza River, Serbia. Chem Ecol 30(2):169–86. doi:10.1080/02757540.2013.841893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabinda AB, Hussain M, Ahmed I, et al. 2010. Accumulation of toxic and essential trace metals in fish and prawns from Keti Bunder Thatta District, Sindh. Pak J Zool 42(5):631–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tartu S, Goutte A, Bustamante P, et al. 2013. To breed or not to breed: endocrine response to mercury contamination by an Arctic seabird. Biol Lett 9(4): Article No. 20130317. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tunca E, Üçüncü E, Kurtuluş B, et al. 2013. Accumulation trends of metals and a metalloid in the freshwater crayfish Astacus leptodactylus from Lake Yeniçağa (Turkey). Chem Ecol 29(8):754–69. doi:10.1080/02757540.2013.810724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Türkmen M, Türkmen A, Tepe Y, et al. 2009. Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean seas. Food Chem 113(1):233–7. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah K, Hashmi MZ, and Malik RN. 2014. Heavy-metal levels in feathers of cattle egret and their surrounding environment: A case of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 66(1):139–53. doi:10.1007/s00244-013-9939-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ural M, Arca S, Örnekçi GN, et al. 2012. Metal accumulation in sediment, water, and freshwater fish in a Dam Lake. Toxicol Environ Chem 94(1):49–55. doi:10.1080/02772248.2011.633912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriu-Adams JY and Keen CL. 2005. Copper, oxidative stress, and human health. Mol Aspects Med 26(4–5):268–98. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Usero J, González-Regalado E, and Gracia I. 1997. Trace metals in the bivalve molluscs Ruditapes decussatus and Ruditapes philippinarum from the Atlantic coast of Southern Spain. Environ Int 23(3):291–8. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(97)00030-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Straalen NM and Ernst WHO. 1991. Metal biomagnification may endanger species in critical pathways. Oikos 62(2):255–6. doi:10.2307/3545272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Wu W, Liu F, et al. 2017. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil-crop systems: a review for wheat and corn. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(18):15209–25. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8909-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W-X, Pan K, Tan Q, et al. 2014. Estuarine pollution of metals in China: science and mitigation. Environ Sci Technol 48(17):9975–6. doi:10.1021/es503549b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring J and Maher W. 2005. Arsenic bioaccumulation and species in marine polychaeta. Appl Organometal Chem 19(8):917–29. doi:10.1002/aoc.938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waseem A and Arshad J. 2016. A review of Human Biomonitoring studies of trace elements in Pakistan. Chemosphere 163:153–76. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney M and Cristol D. 2017. Rapid depuration of mercury in songbirds accelerated by feather molt. Environ Toxicol Chem 36(11):3120–26. doi:10.1002/etc.3888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieczorek-Dąbrowska M, Tomza-Marciniak A, Pilarczyk B, et al. 2013. Roe and red deer as bioindicators of heavy metals contamination in north-western Poland. Chem Ecol 29(2):100–10. doi:10.1080/02757540.2012.711322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Tang C, Wang F, et al. 2016. Co-contamination of Cu and Cd in paddy fields: Using periphyton to entrap heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 304:150–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarsan E and Yipel M. 2013. The important terms of marine pollution “biomarkers and biomonitoring, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnification”. J Mol Biomark Diagn S1:003. doi:10.4172/2155-9929.S1-003
   Google Scholar
• Yousafzai AM, Chivers DP, Khan AR, et al. 2010. Comparison of heavy metals burden in two freshwater fishes Wallago attu and Labeo dyocheilus with regard to their feeding habits in natural ecosystem. Pak J Zool 42(5):537–44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousafzai AM, Khan AR, and Shakoori AR. 2009. Trace metal accumulation in the liver of an endangered South Asian fresh water fish dwelling in sub-lethal pollution. Pak J Zool 41(1):35–41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousafzai AM and Shakoori AR. 2007. Heavy metal bioaccumulation in the muscles of Mahaseer, Tor putitora, as an evidence of heavy metal pollution in River Kabul, Pakistan. Pak J Zool 39(1):1–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao L, Yang F, and Yan X. 2013. Biomagnification of trace elements in a benthic food web: the case study of Deer Island (Northern Yellow Sea). Chem Ecol 29(3):197–207. doi:10.1080/02757540.2012.753062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zia MH, Watts MJ, Niaz A, et al. 2017. Health risk assessment of potentially harmful elements and dietary minerals from vegetables irrigated with untreated wastewater, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 39(4):707–28. doi:10.1007/s10653-016-9841-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziyaadini M, Yousefiyanpour Z, Ghasemzadeh J, et al. 2017. Biota-sediment accumulation factor and concentration of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, As, Ni, Pb and Cu) in sediments and tissues of Chiton lamyi (Mollusca: Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) in Chabahar Bay, Iran. Iran J Fish Sci 16(4):1123–34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar