Hydrochemical, bacteriological assessment, and classification of groundwater quality in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa: potential health risk

References

• Abdalla F and Khalil R. 2018. Potential effects of groundwater and surface water contamination in an urban area, Qus City, Upper Egypt. J Afri Earth Sci 141:164–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeniyi A, Yusuf K, Okedeyi O, et al. 2016. Classification and health risk assessment for borehole water contaminated by metals in selected households in Southwest Nigeria. J Water Res Protect 08:459.
   Google Scholar
• Ateba CN and Maribeng MD. 2011. Detection of Enterococcus species in groundwater from some rural communities in the Mmabatho area, South Africa: A risk analysis. Afri J Microbiol Res 5:3930–5.
   Google Scholar
• Baguma A, Bizoza A, Carter R, et al. 2017. Groundwater and poverty in sub Saharan Africa a short investigation highlighting outstanding knowledge gaps. Produced on behalf of Skat Foundation (UPGro Knowledge Broker) project number 40805.40-2017 and edited by Richard Carter.
   Google Scholar
• Claasen T and Lewis E. 2017. Nitrate and bacteriological assessment of groundwater in Omaheke region, Namibia. Inter Sci Technol J Namibia 10:56–67.
   Google Scholar
• Davison A, Howard G, Stevens M, Callan P, Fewtrell L, Deere D, Bartram J, Water S and World Health Organization. 2005. Water safety plans: managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer (No. WHO/SDE/WSH/05.06). World Health Organization press, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• De Giglio O, Barbuti G, Trerotoli P, et al. 2016. Microbiological and hydrogeological assessment of groundwater in southern Italy. Environ Monitor Assess 188:638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Giglio O, Caggiano G, Bagordo F, et al. 2017. Enteric viruses and fecal bacteria indicators to assess groundwater quality and suitability for irrigation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1996. South African Water Quality Guidelines. Domestic Water Use. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Pretoria, South Africa 1, 2nd Edition.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2004. Guidelines on Protecting Groundwater from Contamination. Produced under: The NORAD-Assisted Programme for the Sustainable Development of Groundwater Sources under the Community Water and Sanitation Programme in South Africa. Edited by Anthea Josias and Kerry Harris.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 2012. Blue Drop Report 2011, 2012 South African Drinking Water Quality Management Performance. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Dey NC, Parvez M, Dey D, et al. 2017. Microbial contamination of drinking water from risky tubewells situated in different hydrological regions of Bangladesh. Inter J Hygiene Environ Health 220:621–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diouf K, Tabatabai P, Rudolph J, Marx M. 2014. Diarrhoea prevalence in children under five years of age in rural Burundi: an assessment of social and behavioural factors at the household level. Global health action 7:24895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edokpayi JN, Enitan AM, Mutileni N, et al. 2018. Evaluation of water quality and human risk assessment due to heavy metals in groundwater around Muledane area of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Chem Central J 12:2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferguson AS, Layton AC, Mailloux BJ, et al. 2012. Comparison of fecal indicators with pathogenic bacteria and rotavirus in groundwater. Sci Total Environ 431:314–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foka FET, Yah CS, and Agbortabot Bissong ME. 2018. Physico-chemical properties and microbiological quality of borehole water in four crowded areas of Benin City, Nigeria, during rainfalls. Shiraz E-Med J 19 (11): e68911 DOI : 10.5812/semj.68911.
   Google Scholar
• Foster KG, and Greiner P. 2019. Monitoring UCMR compounds in drinking water system components and treatment chemicals. J Am Water Works Assoc 111:25–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimason A, Morse T, Beattie T, et al. 2013. Classification and quality of groundwater supplies in the Lower Shire Valley, Malawi–Part 1: Physico-chemical quality of borehole water supplies in Chikhwawa, Malawi. Water SA 39:563–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haruna R, Ejobi F, and Kabagambe EK. 2005. The quality of water from protected springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes, Kampala city, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 5:14–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard A. 2002. Water Supply Surveillance: A Reference Manual. WEDC, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Kempster PL, Van Vliet HR, and Kuhn A. 1997. The need for guidelines to bridge the gap between ideal drinking-water quality and that quality which is practically achievable and acceptable. Water SA 23:163–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyser N. 1997. Geological map of the Republic of South Africa and the kingdoms of Lesotho and Swaziland. Council for Geoscience, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Li X, Atwill ER, Antaki E, et al. 2015. Fecal indicator and pathogenic bacteria and their antibiotic resistance in alluvial groundwater of an irrigated agricultural region with dairies. J Environ Qual 44:1435–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luby SP, Gupta SK, Sheikh MA, et al. 2008. Tubewell water quality and predictors of contamination in three flood-prone areas in Bangladesh. J Appl Microbiol 105:1002–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukubye B and Andama M. 2017. Bacterial analysis of selected drinking water sources in Mbarara Municipality, Uganda. J Water Res Protect 09:999.
   Google Scholar
• Mbugua H. 2016. The Effect of Septic Tanks Sewage Disposal System Distances on Borehole Water Quality in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya, Master of Science Thesis in Environmental Chemistry, University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Mulamattathil SG, Bezuidenhout C, and Mbewe M. 2015. Analysis of physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa. J Water Health 13:1143–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafi’u A and Anandapandian KTK. 2016. The occurrence of waterborne diseases in drinking water in Nakaloke sub-county, Mbale district, Uganda. Inter J Sci Res 5:1416–21.
   Google Scholar
• Odagiri M, Schriewer A, Daniels ME, et al. 2016. Human fecal and pathogen exposure pathways in rural Indian villages and the effect of increased latrine coverage. Water Res 100:232–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamuleni L and Akoth M. 2015. Physico-chemical and microbial analysis of selected borehole water in Mahikeng, South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12:8619–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantaleo PA. 2019. Risks of sanitation facilities to groundwater pollution in Babati Town, Tanzania. Master’s in Environmental Science and Engineering Thesis, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology Arusha, Tanzania.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa SM, Soria MA, Vélez CG, et al. 2010. Improvement of a two-stage fermentation process for docosahexaenoic acid production by Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21 applying statistical experimental designs and data analysis. Biores Technol 101:2367–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saha R, Dey NC, Rahman M, et al. 2019. Geogenic arsenic and microbial contamination in drinking water sources: Exposure risks to the coastal population in Bangladesh. Front Environ Sci 7:57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soller, J A, Schoen, M E, Bartrand, T, et al. 2010. Estimated human health risks from exposure to recreational waters impacted by human and non-human sources of faecal contamination. Water Research 44:4674–91 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South African National Standards. 2011. Drinking Water. Part 1: Microbiological, Physical, Chemical, Aesthetic and Chemical Determinants. SABS Standards Division, Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• South African National Standards (SANS). 2015. Drinking Water. Part 1: Microbiological, Physical, Chemical, Aesthetic and Chemical Determinants. SABS Standards Division. Pretoria, South Africa 241-1-2015:14
   Google Scholar
• Thulamela Municipality. 2013. A Review of Thulamela Municipality Integrated Development Plan. 2010/11-2012/13, Limpopo, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Trivedi P, Bajpai A, and Thareja S. 2010. Comparative study of seasonal variation in physico-chemical characteristics in drinking water quality of Kanpur, India with reference to 200 MLD filtration plant and ground water. Nature and Science 8(4):11-17, ISSN: 1545–0740.
   Google Scholar
• Van Elsas JD, Semenov AV, Costa R, et al. 2011. Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: Fundamental and public health aspects. ISME J 5:173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1997. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Surveillance and Control of Community Water Supplies, vol. 3, 2nd ed, World Health Organisation, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2008. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2018. Children: reducing mortality. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality 19 September 2018.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization and United Nation International Children Emergency Funds. 2017. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme. World Health Organisation Press. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO, https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Progress_on_Drinking_Water_Sanitation_and_Hygiene_2017.pdf (Accessed date 20 July, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• WWF-SA 2016. Water: Facts and Futures, https://watercerorgza/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/wwf009_waterfactsandfutures_report_web__lowres_pdf.
   Google Scholar