References
- Ab Manan N, Aizuddin AN, Hod R. 2018. Effect of air pollution and hospital admission: a systematic review. Ann Glob Health. 84(4):670–678. doi:https://doi.org/10.9204/aogh.2376
- Abdo N, Khader YS, Abdelrahman M, Graboski-Bauer A, Malkawi M, Al-Sharif M, Elbetieha AM. 2016. Respiratory health outcomes and air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic review. Rev Environ Health. 31(2):259–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2015-0076
- Amarloei A, Fazlzadeh M, Jafari AJ, Zarei A, Mazloomi S. 2020. Particulate matters and bioaerosols during Middle East dust storms events in Ilam, Iran. Microchem J. 152:104280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104280
- Anderson SD, Daviskas E. 2000 The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is .…. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 106(3):453–459. doi:https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2000.109822
- Barmpadimos I, Hueglin C, Keller J, Henne S, Prévôt A. 2011. Influence of meteorology on PM10 trends and variability in Switzerland from 1991 to 2008. Atmos Chem Phys. 11(4):1813–1835. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1813-2011
- Bell ML, Son JY, Peng RD, Wang Y, Dominici F. 2015. Ambient PM2.5 and risk of hospital admissions: do risks differ for men and women? Epidemiology. 26(4):575–579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000310
- Bravo MA, Son J, De Freitas CU, Gouveia N, Bell ML. 2016. Air pollution and mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil: effects of multiple pollutants and analysis of susceptible populations. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 26(2):150–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2014.90
- Brunekreef B, Beelen R, Hoek G, Schouten L, Bausch-Goldbohm S, Fischer P, Armstrong B, Hughes E, Jerrett M, van den Brandt P. 2009. Effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: the NLCS-AIR study. Res Rep Health Effects Inst. 139:73–89.
- Burra TA, Moineddin R, Agha MM, Glazier RH. 2009. Social disadvantage, air pollution, and asthma physician visits in Toronto, Canada. Environ Res. 109(5):567–574. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.03.004
- CAPR (Center for Air Pollution Research), Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (In Persian). Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2021. https://enier.tums.ac.ir/Center-for-Air-Pollution-Research-Guidelines.
- Çapraz Ö, Deniz A. 2021. Assessment of hospitalizations from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute bronchitis in relation to air pollution in İstanbul, Turkey. Sustain Cities Society. 72:103040. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103040
- Çapraz Ö, Deniz A, Doğan N. 2017. Effects of air pollution on respiratory hospital admissions in İstanbul, Turkey, 2013 to 2015. Chemosphere. 181:544–550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.105
- Carracedo-Martínez E, Taracido M, Tobias A, Saez M, Figueiras A. 2010. Case-crossover analysis of air pollution health effects: a systematic review of methodology and application. Environ Health Perspect. 118(8):1173–1182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901485
- Chang Q, Zhang H, Zhao Y. 2020. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions for respiratory system-related diseases in a heavy polluted city in Northeast China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 27(9):10055–10064. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07678-8
- Chen G, Wan X, Yang G, Zou X. 2015. Traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 6(3):307–318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.12185
- Chen R, Hu B, Liu Y, Xu J, Yang G, Xu D, Chen C. 2016. Beyond PM2.5: the role of ultrafine particles on adverse health effects of air pollution. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Gen Subjects. 1860(12):2844–2855. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.019
- Chen R, Yin P, Meng X, Liu C, Wang L, Xu X, Ross JA, Tse LA, Zhao Z, Kan H, et al. 2017. Fine particulate air pollution and daily mortality. A nationwide analysis in 272 Chinese cities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 196(1):73–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201609-1862OC
- Cheng MH, Chen CC, Chiu HF, Yang CY. 2014. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for asthma: a case-crossover study in Taipei. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 77(18):1075–1083. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2014.922387
- Cheng MH, Chiu HF, Yang CY. 2015. Coarse particulate air pollution associated with increased risk of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. IJERPH. 12(10):13053–13068. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121013053
- D'amato G, Cecchi L. 2008. Effects of climate change on environmental factors in respiratory allergic diseases. Clin Exp Allergy. 38(8):1264–1274. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03033.x
- Dastoorpoor M, Sekhavatpour Z, Masoumi K, Mohammadi MJ, Aghababaeian H, Khanjani N, Hashemzadeh B, Vahedian M. 2019. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Ahvaz, Iran. Sci Total Environ. 652:1318–1330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.285
- Denton M, Prus S, Walters V. 2004. Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Soc Sci Med. 58(12):2585–2600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.008
- Dockery DW. 2001. Epidemiologic evidence of cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 109 Suppl 4:483–486. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s4483
- Dong J, Liu Y, Bao H. 2021. Revalue associations of short-term exposure to air pollution with respiratory hospital admissions in Lanzhou, China after the control and treatment of current pollution. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 231:113658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113658.
- Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Colais P, Berti G, Bisanti L, Cadum E, Cernigliaro A, Mallone S, Scarnato C, Forastiere F, et al. 2013. Air pollution and multiple acute respiratory outcomes. Eur Respir J. 42(2):304–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00128712
- Fazlzadeh M, Rostami R, Yousefian F, Yunesian M, Janjani H. 2021. Long term exposure to ambient air particulate matter and mortality effects in Megacity of Tehran, Iran: 2012–2017. Particuology. 58:139–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2021.01.017
- Feng W, Li H, Wang S, Van Halm-Lutterodt N, An J, Liu Y, Liu M, Wang X, Guo X. 2019. Short-term PM10 and emergency department admissions for selective cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ. 657:213–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.066
- FIRS (Forum of International Respiratory Societies). 2017. The global impact of respiratory disease. 2nd ed. Sheffield: European Respiratory Society.
- Geravandi S, Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, De Marco A, Ghomeishi A, Goudarzi G, Mahboubi M, Yari AR, Dobaradaran S, Hassani G, et al. 2017. A comparative study of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases during normal and dusty days in Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 24(22):18152–18159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9270-4
- Gong J, Zhu T, Kipen H, Wang G, Hu M, Guo Q, Ohman-Strickland P, Lu S-E, Wang Y, Zhu P, et al. 2014. Comparisons of ultrafine and fine particles in their associations with biomarkers reflecting physiological pathways. Environ Sci Technol. 48(9):5264–5273. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es5006016
- Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. 2014. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet. 383(9928):1581–1592. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6
- Gurung A, Son JY, Bell ML. 2017. Particulate matter and risk of hospital admission in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: a case-crossover study. Am J Epidemiol. 186(5):573–580. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwx135
- Hansel NN, McCormack MC, Kim V. 2016. The effects of air pollution and temperature on COPD. COPD: J Chronic Obstruct Pulmonary Dis. 13(3):372–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2015.1089846
- Hertz-Picciotto I, Baker RJ, Yap P-S, Dostál M, Joad JP, Lipsett M, Greenfield T, Herr CEW, Beneš I, Shumway RH, et al. 2007. Early childhood lower respiratory illness and air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 115(10):1510–1518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9617
- Hesam M, Shakerkhatibi M, Samadi MT, Poorolajal J, Rahmani A, Rafieemehr H. 2020. Long-term exposure to outdoor VOCs and lung function in urban adults: a cross-sectional study in Tabriz an industrialized city in the northwest of Iran. Hum Ecol Risk Assess: Int J. 26(6):1512–1528. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1587289
- Ibrahim MF, Hod R, Nawi AM, Sahani M. 2021. Association between ambient air pollution and childhood respiratory diseases in low-and middle-income Asian countries: a systematic review. Atmos Environ. 256:118422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118422
- Jo EJ, Lee WS, Jo HY, Kim CH, Eom JS, Mok JH, Kim MH, Lee K, Kim KU, Lee MK, et al. 2017. Effects of particulate matter on respiratory disease and the impact of meteorological factors in Busan, Korea. Respir Med. 124:79–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2017.02.010
- Kermani M, Goudarzi G, Shahsavani A, Dowlati M, Asl FB, Karimzadeh S, Jokandan SF, Aghaei M, Kakavandi B, Rastegarimehr B, et al. 2018. Estimation of short-term mortality and morbidity attributed to fine particulate matter in the ambient air of eight Iranian cities. Ann Glob Health. 84(3):408–418. doi:https://doi.org/10.29024/aogh.2308
- Khaefi M, Goudarzi G, Yari AR, Geravandi S, Dobaradaran S, Idani E, Javanmardi P, Yousefi F, Hashemzadeh B, Shahriari A, Mohammadi MJ. 2016. An association between ambient pollutants and hospital admitted respiratory cases in Ahvaz, Iran. Fresenius Environ Bull. 25(10):3955–3961.
- Kim HJ, Choi MG, Park MK, Seo YR. 2017. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers of respiratory diseases due to particulate matter exposure. J Cancer Prev. 22(1):6–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.15430/JCP.2017.22.1.6
- Kim KH, Kabir E, Kabir S. 2015. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. Environ Int. 74:136–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.005
- Ko FWS, Tam W, Wong TW, Lai CKW, Wong GWK, Leung T-F, Ng SSS, Hui DSC. 2007. Effects of air pollution on asthma hospitalization rates in different age groups in Hong Kong. Clin Exp Allergy. 37(9):1312–1319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02791.x
- Laumbach RJ, Kipen HM. 2010. Acute effects of motor vehicle traffic-related air pollution exposures on measures of oxidative stress in human airways. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1203:107–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05604.x
- Losacco C, Perillo A. 2018. Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25(34):33901–33910. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3344-9
- Maclure M. 1991. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am J Epidemiol. 133(2):144–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853
- Mansourian M, Javanmard S, Poursafa P, Kelishadi R. 2010. Air pollution and hospitalization for respiratory diseases among children in Isfahan, Iran. Ghana Med J. 44(4):138–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v44i4.68906
- Mardi AH, Khaghani A, MacDonald AB, Nguyen P, Karimi N, Heidary P, Karimi N, Saemian P, Sehatkashani S, Tajrishy M, et al. 2018. The Lake Urmia environmental disaster in Iran: a look at aerosol pollution. Sci Total Environ. 633:42–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.148
- Mohammadi A, Faraji M, Mousavi S, Nemati S, Momtaz M, Abdolahnejad A, Miri M. 2019. Health effects of airborne particulate matter related to traffic in Urmia, north-west Iran. JAPH. 4(2):99–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.18502/japh.v4i2.1234
- Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, et al. 2014. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 762:133–166. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001
- Norris G, YoungPong SN, Koenig JQ, Larson TV, Sheppard L, Stout JW. 1999. An association between fine particles and asthma emergency department visits for children in Seattle. Environ Health Perspect. 107(6):489–493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107489
- Ostro B, Roth L, Malig B, Marty M. 2009. The effects of fine particle components on respiratory hospital admissions in children. Environ Health Perspect. 117(3):475–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11848
- Phosri A, Ueda K, Phung VLH, Tawatsupa B, Honda A, Takano H. 2019. Effects of ambient air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Bangkok, Thailand. Sci Total Environ. 651(Pt 1):1144–1153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.183
- Phung D, Hien TT, Linh HN, Luong LMT, Morawska L, Chu C, Binh ND, Thai PK. 2016. Air pollution and risk of respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in the most populous city in Vietnam. Sci Total Environ. 557–558:322–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.070
- Qian Z, Lin H-M, Stewart WF, Kong L, Xu F, Zhou D, Zhu Z, Liang S, Chen W, Shah N, et al. 2010. Seasonal pattern of the acute mortality effects of air pollution. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 60(4):481–488. doi:https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.60.4.481
- Requia WJ, Adams MD, Arain A, Papatheodorou S, Koutrakis P, Mahmoud M. 2018. Global association of air pollution and cardiorespiratory diseases: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and investigation of modifier variables. Am J Public Health. 108(S2):S123–S130. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303839
- Rodopoulou S, Samoli E, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG. 2015. Air pollution and cardiovascular and respiratory emergency visits in Central Arkansas: a time-series analysis. Sci Total Environ. 536:872–879. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.056
- Sabeti Z, Ansarin K, Seyedrezazadeh E, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Zafari V, Dastgiri S, Shakerkhatibi M, Gholampour A, Ghanbari Ghozikali M, Ghasemzadeh R, et al. 2021a. A comparison of asthma prevalence in adolescents living in urban and semi-urban areas in northwestern Iran. Hum Ecol Risk Assess: Int J. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2021.1944051.
- Sabeti Z, Ansarin K, Seyedrezazadeh E, Jafarabadi MA, Zafari V, Dastgiri S, Shakerkhatibi M, Gholampour A, Khamnian Z, Sepehri M, et al. 2021b. Acute responses of airway oxidative stress, inflammation, and hemodynamic markers to ambient PM2.5 and their trace metal contents among healthy adolescences: a panel study in highly polluted versus low polluted regions. Environ Pollut. 288:117797. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117797
- Samadi MT, Shakerkhatibi M, Poorolajal J, Rahmani A, Rafieemehr H, Hesam M. 2019. Association of long term exposure to outdoor volatile organic compounds (BTXS) with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and hematologic parameters in urban adults: a cross-sectional study in Tabriz, Iran. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 180:152–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.008
- Shakerkhatibi M, Benis KZ, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Sadeghi-Bazarghani H, Allahverdipour H, Oskouei DS, Fatehifar E, Farajzadeh M, Yadeghari A, Ansarin K, et al. 2021. Air pollution-related asthma profiles among children/adolescents: a multi-group latent class analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 219:112344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021. 112344
- Shakerkhatibi M, Dianat I, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Azak R, Kousha A. 2015. Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in Iran: artificial neural network versus conditional logistic regression. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 12(11):3433–3442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-015-0884-0
- Sicard P, Khaniabadi YO, Perez S, Gualtieri M, De Marco A. 2019. Effect of O3, PM10 and PM2.5 on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in cities of France, Iran and Italy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 26(31):32645–32665. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06445-8
- Soleimani Z, Darvishi Boloorani A, Khalifeh R, Teymouri P, Mesdaghinia A, Griffin DW. 2019. Air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions in Shiraz, Iran 2009 to 2015. Atmos Environ. 209:233–239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.04.030
- Son JY, Lee JT, Park YH, Bell ML. 2013. Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Korea. Epidemiology. 24(4):545–554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182953244
- Song Q, Christiani DC, Ren J. 2014. The global contribution of outdoor air pollution to the incidence prevalence mortality and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 11(11):11822–11832. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111111822
- Stafoggia M, Samoli E, Alessandrini E, Cadum E, Ostro B, Berti G, Faustini A, Jacquemin B, Linares C, Pascal M, et al. 2013. Short-term associations between fine and coarse particulate matter and hospitalizations in Southern Europe: results from the MED-PARTICLES project. Environ Health Perspect. 121(9):1026–1033. doi:https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206151
- Tao Y, Mi S, Zhou S, Wang S, Xie X. 2014. Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Lanzhou, China. Environ Pollut. 185:196–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.035
- Tian Y, Liu H, Liang T, Xiang X, Li M, Juan J, Song J, Cao Y, Wang X, Chen L, et al. 2018. Ambient air pollution and daily hospital admissions: a nationwide study in 218 Chinese cities. Environ Pollut. 242(Pt B):1042–1049. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.116
- Tramuto F, Cusimano R, Cerame G, Vultaggio M, Calamusa G, Maida CM, Vitale F. 2011. Urban air pollution and emergency room admissions for respiratory symptoms: a case-crossover study in Palermo, Italy. Environ Health. 10(31):31. https://doiorg/10.1186/1476-069X-10-31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-31
- Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, Abdulkader RS, Abdulle AM, Abebo TA, Abera SF, et al. 2017. Global regional and national incidence prevalence and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 390(10100):1211–1259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2
- Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Huang X, Duan X, Chen D, Ou Y, Tang L, Liu S, Hu W, et al. 2021a. Association of change in air quality with hospital admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Guangdong, China: a province-wide ecological study. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 208:111590. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020. 111590
- Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Huang X, Duan X, Ou Y, Liu S, Hu W, Liao C, Zheng Y, et al. 2021b. Association of hospital admission for bronchiectasis with air pollution: a province-wide time-series study in southern China. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 231:113654. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113654
- WHO (World Health Organization). 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. 2014. https://www.who.int/news/item/25-03-2014-7-million-premature-deaths-annually-linked-to-air-pollution.
- Yang H, Yan C, Li M, Zhao L, Long Z, Fan Y, Zhang Z, Chen R, Huang Y, Lu C, et al. 2021. Short term effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases among children: a multi-city time-series study in China. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 231:113638. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113638
- Yunesian M, Rostami R, Zarei A, Fazlzadeh M, Janjani H. 2019. Exposure to high levels of PM2.5 and PM10 in the metropolis of Tehran and the associated health risks during 2016–2017. Microchem J. 150:104174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2019.104174
- Zhang Y, Ding Z, Xiang Q, Wang W, Huang L, Mao F. 2020. Short-term effects of ambient PM1 and PM25 air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases: case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 224:113418. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.11.001
- Zhou M, He G, Liu Y, Yin P, Li Y, Kan H, Fan M, Xue A, Fan M. 2015. The associations between ambient air pollution and adult respiratory mortality in 32 major Chinese cities 2006–2010. Environ Res. 137:278–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.016