Promoting Health (Implicitly)? A Longitudinal Content Analysis of Implicit Health Information in Cigarette Advertising, 1954–2003

References

• Altman , D. G. , Slater , M. D. , Albright , C. L. , & Maccoby , N. ( 1987 ). How an unhealthy product is sold: Cigarette advertising in magazines, 1960–1985 . Journal of Communication , 37 ( 4 ), 95 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. J. , Ling , P. M. , & Glantz , S. A. ( 2007 ). Implications of the federal court order banning the terms “light” and “mild”: What difference could it make? Tobacco Control , 16 ( 4 ), 275 – 279 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura , A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. ( 2001 ). Social cognition theory: An agentic perspective . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 ( 1 ), 1 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borio , G. ( 1997 ). The history of tobacco part IV . Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.historian.org/bysubject/tobacco4.htm
   Google Scholar
• Calfee , J. E. ( 1985 ). Cigarette advertising, health information and regulation, before 1970: Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Economics working paper 134 . Washington , DC : Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Calfee , J. E. ( 1986 ). The ghost of cigarette advertising past . Regulation , 10 ( November/December ), 35 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Calfee , J. E. ( 1987 ). Cigarette advertising regulation today: Unintended consequences and missed opportunities . In M. Wailendorf & P. Anderson (Eds.), Advances in Consumer Research , 14 , 264 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Canova , D. , Myers , M. L. , Smith , D. E. , & Slade , J. ( 2001 ). Changing the future of tobacco marketing by understanding the mistakes of the past: Lessons from “Lights.” Tobacco Control , 10 ( 1 ), 43 – 44 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson , L. ( 2008 ). Use, misuse, and abuse of content analysis for research on the consumer interest . Journal of Consumer Affairs , 42 ( 1 ), 100 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carraway , N. ( 2009 ). Obama signs bill putting tobacco products under FDA . Retrieved June 22, 2009, from http://www.freepubliccom/focus/f-news/2277069/post
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. B. ( 1992 ). Research and policy issues in Ringold and Calfee's treatment of cigarette health claims . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 11 ( 1 ), 82 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. B. ( 1996 ). Smokers' knowledge and understanding of advertised tar numbers: Health policy implications . American Journal of Public Health , 86 ( 1 ), 18 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiFranza , J. R. , Clark , D. M. , & Pollay , R. W. ( 2002 ). Cigarette package design: Opportunities for disease prevention . Tobacco Induced Diseases , 1 ( 2 ), 97 – 109 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elders , M. J. , Perry , C. L. , Eriksen , M. P. , & Giovino , G. A. ( 1994 ). The report of the Surgeon General: Preventing tobacco use among young people . American Journal of Public Health , 84 ( 4 ), 543 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etter , J. F. , Kozlowski , L. T. , & Perneger , T. V. ( 2003 ). What smokers believe about light and ultralight cigarettes . Preventive Medicine , 36 ( 1 ), 92 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. , & Taylor , S. E. ( 1991 ). Social cognition . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Frieden , T. R. , & Blakeman , D. E. ( 2005 ). The dirty dozen: 12 myths that undermine tobacco control . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( 9 ), 1500 – 1505 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilpin , E. A. , Emery , S. , White , M. M. , & Pierce , J. P. ( 2002 ). Does tobacco industry marketing of “light” cigarettes give smokers a rational for postponing quitting? Nicotine & Tobacco Research , 4 ( Suppl. 2 ), 147 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Guldin , W. ( 2009 ). Obama gives FDA control over tobacco industry . Retrieved July 7, 2009, from http://www.themaneater.com/stories/2009/6/23/obama-gives-fda-control-over-tobacco/indu
   Google Scholar
• Kim , K. S. , Paek , H.-J. , & Lynn , J. A. ( 2010 ). Content analysis of smoking fetish videos on YouTube: Implications for tobacco control . Health Communication , 25 , 97 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , K. W. , Reid , L. N. , Moon , Y. S. , & Ringold , D. J. ( 1991 ). Changes in the visual imagery of cigarette ads, 1954–1986 . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 10 ( 1 ), 63 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski , L. T. ( 2000 ). Some lessons from the history of American tobacco advertising and its regulation in the 20th century . In R. Ferrence , J. Slade , R. Room , & M. Pope (Eds.), Nicotine & public health . Washington , DC : American Public Health Association .
   Google Scholar
• Kozlowski , L. T. , & Pillitteri , J. L. ( 2001 ). Beliefs about “light” and “ultra light” cigarettes and efforts to change those beliefs: An overview of early efforts and published research . Tobacco Control , 10 ( 1 ), 12 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Kropp , R. Y. , & Halpern-Felsher , B. L. (2004). Adolescents' beliefs about the risks involved in smoking “light” cigarettes. Pediatrics , 114(4), 445–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman , D. M. , & King , K. W. ( 2000 ). Teenage exposure to cigarette advertising in popular consumer magazines . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 19 ( 2 ), 183 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy , S. , Riffe , D. , Stoddard , S. , Martin , H. , & Chang , K. K. ( 2001 ). Sample size for newspaper content analysis in multi-year studies . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 78 ( 4 ), 836 – 845 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layton , L. ( 2009 , June 12 ). Senate passes bill to let FDA regulate tobacco . The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2009, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/11/AR2009061100323.html
   Google Scholar
• Lombard , M. , Snyder-Duch , J. , & Bracken , C. C. ( 2002 ). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability . Human Communication Research , 28 ( 4 ), 587 – 604 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazis , M. B. , Ringold , D. J. , Perry , E. S. , & Denman , D. W. ( 1992 ). Perceived age and attractiveness of models in cigarette advertisements . Journal of Marketing , 56 ( January ), 22 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Nisbett , R. , & Ross , L. ( 1980 ). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Paek , H.-J. ( 2008a ). Mechanisms through which adolescents attend and respond to antismoking media campaigns . Journal of Communication , 58 ( 1 ), 84 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paek , H.-J. ( 2008b ). Two faces of tobacco advertising: Marketing triumph or social evil? In T. Reichert (Ed.), Current issues in advertising (pp. 71 – 84 ). Chicago , IL : The Copy Workshop .
   Google Scholar
• Perreault , W. D. Jr. , & Leigh , L. E. ( 1989 ). Reliability of nominal data based on qualitative judgments . Journal of Marketing Research , 26 ( May ), 135 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollay , R. W. ( 1989 ). Filters, flavors … flim-flam, too! On “health information” and policy implications in cigarette advertising . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 8 ( 1 ), 30 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollay , R. W. ( 1991 ). Signs and symbols in cigarette advertising: A historical analysis of the use of pictures of health . In H. Hartvig-Larsen , D. G. Mick & C. Alsted (Eds.), Marketing & semiotics (pp. 160 – 176 ). Copenhagen , Denmark : Handelshojskolens Forlag .
   Google Scholar
• Pollay , R. W. , & Dewhirst , T. ( 2002 ). The dark side of marketing seemingly “light” cigarettes: Successful images and failed fact . Tobacco Control , 11 ( Suppl. 1 ), 18 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed , M. B. , Anderson , C. M. , & Burns , D. M. ( 2006 ). The temporal relationship between advertising and sales of low-tar cigarettes . Tobacco Control , 15 ( 6 ), 436 – 441 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riffe , D. , Lacy , S. , & Fico , F. ( 1998 ). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Ringold , D. J. ( 1987 ). A preliminary investigation of the information content of cigarette advertising: A longitudinal analysis . Advances in Consumer Research , 14 , 269 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Ringold , D. J. , & Calfee , J. E. ( 1989 ). The informational content of cigarette advertising: 1926–1986 . Journal of Public Policy & Marketing , 8 ( 1 ), 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Romer , D. , & Jamieson , P. ( 2001 ). Advertising, smoker imagery, and the diffusion of smoking behavior . In P. Slovic (Ed.), Smoking: Risk, perception, & policy (pp. 127 – 155 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Stempel , G. H. ( 1981 ). Content analysis . In G. H. Stempel & B. H. Westley (Eds.), Research methods in mass communication (pp. 119 – 131 ). Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Sung , Y. , & Hennink-Kaminski , H. I. ( 2008 ). The Master Settlement Agreement and visual imagery of cigarette advertising in two popular youth magazines . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 85 ( 2 ), 331 – 352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton , K. , Shetty , P. , Wallace , R. , & Bondurant , S. ( 2001 ). Cleaning the smoke: The science base for tobacco harm reduction . Tobacco Control , 10 , 189 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobacco.org . ( 2000 ). US tobacco market share 1995, 2000 . Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://www.tobacco.org/Resources/mktshr.html
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. , & Kahneman , D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology , 5, 207–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Associated Press . ( 2000 , July 14 ). Top-selling U.S. cigarette brands . Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://www.tobacco.org/Resources/mktshr.html
   Google Scholar
• Wakefield , M. , Morley , C. , Horan , J. K. , & Cummings , K. M. ( 2002 ). The cigarette pack as image: New evidence from tobacco industry documents . Tobacco Control , 11 ( Suppl. 1 ), 73 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner , K. E. ( 1985 ). Tobacco industry response to public health concern: A content analysis of cigarette ads . Health Education & Behavior , 12 ( 1 ), 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Warner , K. E. ( 1987 ). A ban on the promotion of tobacco products . New England Journal of Medicine , 316 , 745 – 747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , N. A. , Clarkson , J. P. , Donovan , R. J. , & Giles-Corti , B. ( 2003 ). Filthy or fashionable? Young people's perceptions of smoking in the media . Health Education Research , 18 ( 5 ), 554 – 567 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson , D. ( 2009 , June 12 ). Senate approves tight restrictions over cigarettes . The New York Times , A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer , R. D. , & Dominick , J. R. ( 2005 ). Mass media research () , 8th ed. . Boston , MA : Wadsworth Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Zeleny , J. ( 2009 , June 23 ). Occasional smoker, 47, signs tobacco bill . The New York Times , A15 .
   Google Scholar