Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns Through Meta-Analysis

References

• Abroms, L. C., & Maibach, E. W. (2008). The effectiveness of mass communication to change public behavior. Annual Review of Public Health, 29, 219–234. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agha, S. (2002). A quasi-experimental study to assess the impact of four adolescent sexual health interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. International Family Planning Perspectives, 28(2), 67–118. doi:10.2307/3088237
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre-Molina, M., & Gorman, D. M. (1994/1995). The Perth Amboy community partnership for youth: Assessing its effects at the environmental and individual levels of analysis. Applied Research and Evaluation, 15(4), 363–378.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, M., & Preiss, R. (1993). Replication and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Behavior, 8(6), 9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Anker, A. E., Reinhart, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2010). Meta-analysis of meta-analyses in communication: Comparing fixed effects and random effects analysis methods. Communication Quarterly, 58(3), 257–278. doi:10.1080/01463373.2010.503154
   Google Scholar
• Atkin, C. K., & Rice, R. E. (2013). Theory and principles of public communication campaigns. In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (pp. 3–19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, A. E., Bellew, B., Owen, N., & Vita, P. (2001). Impact of an Australian mass media campaign targeting physical activity in 1998. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(1), 41–47. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00313-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. M. (1984). The impact of newspaper advertising on a regional antenatal health campaign. Health Education Journal, 43(1), 13–17. doi:10.1177/001789698404300105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, W. J., Mummery, K., Eakin, E., & Schofield, G. (2006). 10,000 steps Rockhampton: Evaluation of a whole community approach to improving population levels of physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 1, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Buchbinder, R., Jolley, D., & Wyatt, M. (2001). Effects of a media campaign on back pain beliefs and its potential influence on management of low back pain in general practice. Spine, 26(23), 2535–2542. doi:10.1097/00007632-200112010-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carleton, R. A., Lasater, T. M., Assaf, A. R., Feldman, H. A., & McKinlay, S. (1995). The Pawtucket Heart Health Program: Community changes in cardiovascular risk factors and projected disease risk. American Journal of Public Health, 85(6), 777–785. doi:10.2105/AJPH.85.6.777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, K. D., & Schmidt, F. L. (1999). Impact of experimental design on effect size: Findings from the research literature on training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 851–862. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.6.851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary, N. K., Alonge, M., & Preusser, D. F. (2005). Evaluation of the Reading, PA nighttime safety belt enforcement campaign: September 2004. Journal of Safety Research, 36, 321–326. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2005.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, D. A., Scribner, R. A., & Farley, T. A. (2000). A structural model of health behavior: A pragmatic approach to explain and influence health behaviors at the population level. Preventive Medicine, 30(2), 146–154. doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37–47. doi:10.1177/001316446002000104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cram, P., Fendrick, M., Inadomi, J., Cowen, M. E., Carpenter, D., & Vijan, S. (2003). The impact of a celebrity promotional campaign on the use of colon cancer screening: The Katie Couric effect. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163, 1601–1605. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.13.1601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cocker, K. A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I. M., Brown, W. J., & Cardon, G. M. (2007). Effects of “10,000 Steps Ghent”: A whole community intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(6), 455–463. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLair, S., Feeley, T. H., Kim, H., del Rio Martin, J., Kim-Schluger, L., LaPointe Rudow, D., … Teperman, L. (2010). A peer-based intervention to educate liver transplant candidates about living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transplantation, 16, 42–48. doi:10.1002/lt.v16:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derzon, J. H., & Lipsey, M. A. (2002). A meta-analysis of effectiveness of mass communication for changing substance-use knowledge, attitudes and behavior. In W. D. Crano & M. Burgoon (Eds.), Mass media and drug prevention: Classic and contemporary theories and research (pp. 231–258). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• DiClemente, C. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1985). Processes and stages of self-change: Coping and competence in smoking behavior change. In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 319–343). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dignan, M., Michielutte, R., Wells, H. B., & Bahnson, J. (1994). The Forsyth County cervical cancer prevention project—I. Cervical cancer screening for Black women. Health Education Research, 9(4), 411–420. doi:10.1093/her/9.4.411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., Hunter, J. E., & Burgoon, M. (1984). Sequential-request persuasive strategies: Meta-analysis of foot-in-the-door and door-in-the-face. Human Communication Research, 10(4), 461–488. doi:10.1111/hcre.1984.10.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, T., Pierce, J. P., Hannam, C. D., & Burke, N. (1986). Evaluation of the Sydney “Quit. For Life” anti-smoking campaign. The Medical Journal of Australia, 144, 344–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eadie, D., MacKintosh, A. M., MacAskill, S., & Brown, A. (2009). Development and evaluation of an early detection intervention for mouth cancer using a mass media approach. British Journal of Cancer, 101, S73–S79. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605395
   Google Scholar
• Eaton, C. B., Lapane, K. L., Garber, C. E., Gans, K. M., Lasater, T. M., & Carleton, R. A. (1999). Effects of a community-based intervention on physical activity: The Pawtucket Heart Health Program. American Journal of Public Health, 89(11), 1741–1744. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.11.1741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebel, B. E., Koepsell, T. D., Bennett, E. E., & Rivara, F. P. (2003). Use of child booster seats in motor vehicles following a community campaign: A controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(7), 879–884. doi:10.1001/jama.289.7.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst, N. D., Wu, M., Frommer, P., Katz, E., Matthews, O., Moskowitz, J., … Zifferblatt, S. (1986). Nutrition education at the point of purchase: The Foods for Health project evaluated. Preventive Medicine, 15, 60–73. doi:10.1016/0091-7435(86)90036-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etter, J., & Laszlo, E. (2005). Evaluation of a poster campaign against passive smoking for World No-Tobacco Day. Patient Education & Counseling, 57, 190–198. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2004.05.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, T. H., Anker, A. E., & Aloe, A. M. (2012). The door-in-face persuasive message strategy: A meta-analysis of the first 35 years. Communication Monographs, 79, 316–343. doi:10.1080/03637751.2012.697631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, T. H., & Moon, S. I. (2009). A meta-analytic review of communication campaigns to promote organ donation. Communication Reports, 22(2), 63–73. doi:10.1080/08934210903258852
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. P. (2001). Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed- and random-effects methods. Psychological Methods, 6(2), 161–180. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.6.2.161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, E. B., Auslander, W. F., Munro, J. F., Arfken, C. L., Brownson, R. C., & Owens, N. W. (1998). Neighbors for a Smoke Free Northside: Evaluation of a community organization approach to promoting smoking cessation among African Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 88(11), 1658–1663. doi:10.2105/AJPH.88.11.1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, S. W., Harris, R. P., Gonzalez, J. J., Degnan, D., Lannin, D. R., Strecher, V. J., … Clark, R. L. (1993). Increasing mammography utilization: A controlled study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85(2), 112–120. doi:10.1093/jnci/85.2.112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flynn, B. S., Worden, J. K., Bunn, J. Y., Solomon, L. J., Ashikaga, T., Connolly, S. W., & Ramirez, A. G. (2010). Mass media interventions to reduce youth smoking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39(1), 53–62. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foerster, S. B., Gregson, J., Beall, D. L., Hudes, M., Magnuson, H., Livingston, S., … Garbolino, T. (1998). The California Children’s 5 a Day Power Play! Campaign: Evaluation of a large-scale social marketing initiative. Family Community Health, 21(1), 46–64. doi:10.1097/00003727-199804000-00007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster, J. L., Murray, D. M., Wolfson, M., Blaine, T. M., Wagenaar, A. C., & Hennrikus, D. J. (1998). The effects of community policies to reduce youth access to tobacco. American Journal of Public Health, 88(8), 1193–1198. doi:10.2105/AJPH.88.8.1193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. M., Wheeler, F. C., & Lee, P. R. (1995). Evaluation of the Heart to Heart project: Lessons from a community-based chronic disease prevention project. American Journal of Health Promotion, 9(6), 443–455. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-9.6.443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafstad, A., Aaro, L. E., Engeland, A., Andersen, A., Langmark, F., & Stray-Pedersen, B. (1997). Provocative appeals in anti-smoking mass media campaigns targeting adolescents—The accumulated effect of multiple exposures. Health Education Research, 12(2), 227–236. doi:10.1093/her/12.2.227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegerl, U., Althaus, D., Schmidtke, A., & Niklewski, G. (2006). The alliance against depression: 2-year evaluation of a community-based intervention to reduce suicidality. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1225–1233. doi:10.1017/S003329170600780X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Jacquez, F., Vaughn, L. M., & Wagner, E. (2013). Youth as partners, participants, or passive recipients: A review of children and adolescents in community-based participatory research (CBPR). American Journal of Community Psychology, 51, 176–189. doi:10.1007/s10464-012-9533-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz, N. K., Champion, V. L., & Strecher, V. J. (2002). The health belief model. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 45–66). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, C. N. H., McPhee, S. J., Bird, J. A., Pham, G. Q., Nguyen, B. H., Nguyen, T., … Davis, T. B. (1999). Effect of a media-led education campaign on breast and cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese-American women. Preventive Medicine, 28, 395–406. doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, C. N. H., McPhee, S. J., Le, A., Pham, G. Q., Ha, N.-T., & Stewart, S. (1997). The effectiveness of a media-led intervention to reduce smoking among Vietnamese-American men. American Journal of Public Health, 87(6), 1031–1034. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.6.1031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. T., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2010). Estimating the standardized mean difference effect size and its variance from different data sources: A spreadsheet. Storrs: University of Connecticut.
   Google Scholar
• Kegeles, S. M., Hays, R. B., & Coates, T. J. (1996). The MPowerment project: A community-level HIV prevention intervention for young gay men. American Journal of Public Health, 86(8), 1129–1136. doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kypri, K., Dean, J., Kirby, S., Harris, J., & Kake, T. (2005). “Think before you buy under 18s drink”: Evaluation of a community alcohol intervention. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, 13–20. doi:10.1080/09595230500102731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaCroix, J. M., Snyder, L. B., Huedo-Media, T. B., & Johnson, B. T. (2014). Effectiveness of mass media interventions for HIV prevention, 1986-2013: A meta-analysis. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 66(Suppl), 329–340. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, M., Eurenius, K., Westerling, R., & Tyden, T. (2004). Emergency contraceptive pills in Sweden: Evaluation of an information campaign. BJOG, 111, 820–827. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00206.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W. (2003). Those confounded moderators in meta-analysis: Good, bad, and ugly. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 587, 69–81. doi:10.1177/0002716202250791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Luepker, R. V., Murray, D. M., Jacobs, D. R., Mittelmark, M. B., Bracht, N., Carlaw, R., … Blackburn, H. (1994). Community education for cardiovascular disease prevention: Risk factor changes in the Minnesota Heart Health Program. American Journal of Public Health, 84(9), 1383–1393. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.9.1383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, A. K., Stuster, J., & Fleming, A. (1989). Special publicity and enforcement of California’s belt use law: Making a “secondary” law work. Journal of Criminal Justice, 17, 329–341. doi:10.1016/0047-2352(89)90045-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meekers, D. (2000). The effectiveness of targeted social marketing to promote adolescent reproductive health: The case of Soweto, South Africa. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Education for Adolescents and Children, 3(4), 73–92. doi:10.1300/J129v03n04_05
   Google Scholar
• Montano, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2002). The theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 67–98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, S. E., Miller, J., & Arasaratnam, L. A. (2002). Signing cards, saving lives: An evaluation of the worksite organ donation promotion project. Communication Monographs, 69(3), 253–273. doi:10.1080/03637750216540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, S. E., Stephenson, M. T., Harrison, T. R., Afifi, W. A., & Long, S. D. (2008). Facts versus “feelings”: How rational is the decision to become an organ donor? Journal of Health Psychology, 13(5), 644–658. doi:10.1177/1359105308090936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, S. B. (2008). Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 364–386. doi:10.1177/1094428106291059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murry, J. P., Stam, A., & Lastovicka, J. L. (1993). Evaluating an anti-drinking and driving advertising campaign with a sample survey and time series intervention analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(421), 50–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafziger, A. N., Erb, T. A., Jenkins, P. L., Lewis, C., & Pearson, T. A. (2001). The Otsego-Schoharie healthy heart program: Prevention of cardiovascular disease in the rural US. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 29(Suppl. 56), 21–32. doi:10.1177/14034948010290021501
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, B. H., McPhee, S. J., Stewart, S. L., & Doan, H. T. (2010). Effectiveness of a controlled trial to promote colorectal cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 100(5), 870–876. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.166231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T. T., McPhee, S. J., Gildengorin, G., Nguyen, T., Wong, C., Lai, K. Q., … Ha-Iaconis, T. (2006). Papanicolaou testing among Vietnamese Americans: Results of a multifaceted intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31(1), 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishtar, S., Badar, A., Kamal, M. U., Iqbal, A., Bajwa, R., Shah, T., & Rahim, E. (2007). The Heartfile Lodhran CVD prevention project—End of project evaluation. International Union for Health Promotion Education, 14(1), 17–27.
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M. (2006a). In pursuit of cumulative knowledge in health communication: The role of meta-analysis. Health Communication, 20(2), 169–175. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc2002_8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M. (2006b). A 10-year retrospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where do we go from here? Journal of Health Communication, 11, 21–42. doi:10.1080/10810730500461059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M. (2009). Challenges in evaluating health communication campaigns: Defining the issues. Communication Methods and Measures, 3, 1–11. doi:10.1080/19312450902809367
   Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Harrington, N. G., & Helme, D. W. (2010). The contributions of health communication research to campaign practice. Health Communication, 25, 593–594. doi:10.1080/10410236.2010.496832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Toole, T. P., Aaron, K. F., Chin, M. H., Horowitz, C., & Tyson, F. (2003). Community-based participatory research: Opportunities, challenges, and the need for a common language. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18, 592–594. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.30416.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmgreen, P., Donohew, L., Lorch, E. P., Hoyle, R. H., & Stephenson, M. T. (2001). Television campaigns and adolescent marijuana use: Tests of sensation seeking targeting. American Journal of Public Health, 91(2), 292–296. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.2.292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papas, R. K., Logan, H. L., & Tomar, S. L. (2004). Effectiveness of a community-based oral cancer awareness campaign. Cancer Causes and Control, 15, 121–131. doi:10.1023/B:CACO.0000019474.98238.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paskett, E. D., Tatum, C. M., D’Agostino, R., Rushing, J., Velez, R., Michielutte, R., & Dignan, M. (1999). Community-based interventions to improve breast and cervical cancer screening: Results of the Forsyth County Cancer Screening (FoCaS) Project. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, & Prevention, 8, 453–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger, B., Wootan, M. G., & Booth-Butterfield, S. (1999). Using mass media to promote healthy eating: A community-based demonstration project. Preventive Medicine, 29, 414–421. doi:10.1006/pmed.1998.0570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reger-Nash, B., Bauman, A., Booth-Butterfield, S., Cooper, L., Smith, H., Chey, T., & Simon, K. J. (2005). Wheeling walks: Evaluation of a media-based community intervention. Family & Community Health, 28(1), 64–78. doi:10.1097/00003727-200501000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberto, A. J., Meyer, G., Johnson, A. J., Atkin, C. K., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Promoting gun trigger-lock use: Insights and implications from a radio-based health communication intervention. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(3), 210–230. doi:10.1080/00909880216584
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, L. S., Kelley, A. B., O'Neill, B., Wixom, C. W., Eiswirth, R. S., & Haddon, W. Jr. (1974). A controlled study of the effect of television messages on safety belt use. American Journal of Public Health, 64(11), 1071–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. M., & Storey, J. D. (1987). Communication campaigns. In C. R. Berger & S. H. Chaffee (Eds.), Handbook of communication science (pp. 817–846). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., Chatterjee, N. S., & Leonard, L. (2004). A community level syphilis prevention programme: Outcome data from a controlled trial. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80(2), 100–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossouw, J. E., Jooste, P. L., Chalton, D. O., Jordaan, E. A., Langenhoven, M. L., Jordaan, P. C. J., … Rossouw, L. J. (1993). Community-based intervention: The Coronary Risk Factor Study (CORIS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 22(3), 428–438. doi:10.1093/ije/22.3.428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanner, M. A., Hedman, H., & Tufveson, G. (1995). Evaluation of an organ-donor-card campaign in Sweden. Clinical Transplantation, 9, 326–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, W., Wloch, C., Biran, A., Curtis, V., & Mangtani, P. (2009). Formative research on the feasibility of hygiene interventions for influenza control in UK primary schools. BMC Public Health, 9, 390–397. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, P. A., Burroughs, E. L., Granner, M. L., Wilcox, S., Hutto, B. E., Bryant, C. A., … Pekuri, L. (2010). Impact of a community-based prevention marketing intervention to promote physical activity among middle-aged women. Health Education & Behavior, 37(3), 403–423. doi:10.1177/1090198109341929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, J. T., & Alvaro, E. M. (2006). An evaluation of Arizona’s youth tobacco access prevention media campaign. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(4), 284–291. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver, F. L., Rubini, F., Black, D., & Hodgson, C. S. (2003). Advertising strategies to increase public knowledge of the warning signs of stroke. Stroke, 34, 1965–1968. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000083175.01126.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, L. B. (2007). Meta-analysis of mediated health campaigns. In R. Preiss, B. M. Gayle, N. Burrell, M. Allen, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Mass media effects research (pp. 327–344). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, L. B., Hamilton, M. A., & Huedo-Medina, T. (2009). Does evaluation design impact communication campaign effect size? A meta-analysis. Communication Methods and Measures, 3, 84–104. doi:10.1080/19312450902809722
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, L. B., Hamilton, M. A., Mitchell, E. W., Kiwanuka-Tondo, J., Fleming-Milici, F., & Proctor, D. (2004). A meta-analysis of the effect of mediated health communication campaigns on behavior change in the United States. Journal of Health Communication, 9, 71–96. doi:10.1080/10810730490271548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, L. J., Bunn, J. Y., Flynn, B. S., Pirie, P. L., Worden, J. K., & Ashikaga, T. (2009). Mass media for smoking cessation in adolescents. Health Education & Behavior, 36(4), 642–659. doi:10.1177/1090198106298421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, M. P., Farquhar, J. W., Maccoby, N., & Russell, S. H. (1976). Results of a two-year health education campaign on dietary behavior: The Stanford three community study. Circulation, 54(5), 826–833. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.54.5.826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stille, C. J., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Kleinman, K., Kotch, J. B., & Finkelstein, J. A. (2008). Physician responses to a community-level trial promoting judicious antibiotic use. Annals of Family Medicine, 6, 206–212. doi:10.1370/afm.839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaim, R. C., & Kelly, K. (2008). Efficacy of a randomized trial of a community and school-based anti-violence media intervention among small-town middle school youth. Prevention Science, 9, 202–214. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0096-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, F. D., Blomberg, R. D., Peck, R. C., Cosgrove, L. A., & Salzberg, P. M. (2008). Evaluation of a high visibility enforcement project focused on passenger vehicles interacting with commercial vehicles. Journal of Safety Research, 39, 459–468. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2008.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urban, N., Taplin, S. H., Taylor, V. M., Peacock, S., Anderson, G., Conrad, D., & Majer, K. (1995). Community organization to promote breast cancer screening among women ages 50-75. Preventive Medicine, 24, 477–484. doi:10.1006/pmed.1995.1076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assema, P., Steenbakkers, M., Stapel, H., van Keulen, H., Ronda, G., & Brug, J. (2006). Evaluation of a Dutch public-private partnership to promote healthier diet. American Journal of Health Promotion, 20(5), 309–312. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-20.5.309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, M. A., Loken, B., & Hornik, R. C. (2010). Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet, 376, 1261–1271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60809-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. M., Tomar, S. L., Dodd, V., Logan, H. L., & Choi, Y. (2009). Effectiveness of a social marketing media campaign to reduce oral cancer disparities. Journal of the National Medical Association, 101(8), 774–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, E. L., Ihlebaek, C., Laerum, E., Wormgoor, M. E. A., & Indahl, A. (2008). Low back pain media campaign: No effect on sickness behaviour. Patient Education and Counseling, 71, 198–203. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2007.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, A. F., Lund, A. K., Preusser, D. F., & Blomberg, R. D. (1987). Results of a seat belt use law enforcement and publicity campaign in Elmira, New York. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 19(4), 243–249. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(87)90059-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, A. F., Wells, J. K., McCartt, A. T., & Preusser, D. F. (2000). “Buckle Up NOW!” An enforcement program to achieve high belt use. Journal of Safety Research, 31(4), 195–201. doi:10.1016/S0022-4375(00)00036-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. B. (2011). Calculating effect sizes. Retrieved from http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/artman2/uploads/1/2_D_Wilson__Calculating_ES.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Winkleby, M. A., Taylor, B., Jatulis, D., & Fortmann, S. P. (1996). The long-term effects of a cardiovascular disease prevention trial: The Stanford Five-City Project. American Journal of Public Health, 86(12), 1773–1779. doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.12.1773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27(5), 591–615. doi:10.1177/109019810002700506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, A., McGorry, P. D., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & Pennell, K. (2006). Development and evaluation of a youth mental health community awareness campaign—The Compass Strategy. BMC Public Health, 6, 215–228. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar